The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) is a strategic response to concerns under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 about petroleum fuel supplies and environmental sustainability (EPA 2012). RFS2 regulations mandate specific amounts of renewable fuels to be blended into gasoline and diesel. The renewable fuels also need to emit fewer greenhouse gases than the displaced petroleum. In 2012, the target is for 9of all fuel will be from renewable sources, or a minimum of 15.2 billion gallons of renewable fuel. By 2022, the target is for 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel to be blended into gasoline and diesel and of that amount, 16 billion gallons derived from cellulosic biofuels. While some advanced biofuel will be refined from forest, crop, and urban residues, this paper focuses on the patterns of farmers choices regarding dedicated perennial lignocellulosic energy crops. Throughout this paper we use the term perennial as shorthand for warm season grasses such as those in the genus Panicum or Miscanthus, or short rotation tree crops such as those in the genus Populus or Salix. We focus on choices about these perennial crops because two thirds of the mandated advanced biofuels are expected to be converted at biorefineries from perennials (USDA 2010). RFS2 establishes the goals, but not mechanisms for achieving them. Mechanisms and incentives, however, are embedded in other legislation and programs. For example, the 2008 Farm Bill created the Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) that is designed to entice farmers to plant and deliver biomass feedstock to biorefineries and electrical plants. The effectiveness of this new program, however, has yet to be fully explored (Aguilar et al. 2011). In 2011, the program received over 40 project area proposals, exceeding the available funding, suggesting increasing adoption, or at least exceeding expectations of policymakers.

关键词：生物燃料；生物质；农业分析；生物能源

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Our objectives in year 3 were to (1) process fine root samples for DNA fingerprinting (2) complete the data analysis and publish results. During the 2009 field harvest, fine root samples were collected from 6 soil cores from each of 12 treatment rings. After sampling, the soil cores were cut horizontally into 10 cm slices. The fine roots from the 0--10 cm depth were placed on a 1 x 1 mm sieve and rinsed gently with water to separate soil and root material. The root material was placed in plastic bags moistened with water and stored at 4 C until the fresh tissue could be transported to the laboratory. Sample were sorted carefully using forceps and frequent washing to separate the individual fine root fragments. The fine roots of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were separated from those of other plant species based on morphology and color.

关键词：生物量；植物（植物）；DNA测序；森林树木；生物质能

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One factor limiting the development of commercial biomass pyrolysis is challenges related to the transportation of the produced pyrolysis oil. The oil has different chemical and physical properties than crude oil, including more water and oxygen and has lower H/C ratio, higher specific gravity and density, higher acidity, and lower energy content. These differences could limit its ability to be transported by existing petroleum pipelines. Pyrolysis oil can also be treated, normally by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation, and approaches crude oil and petroleum condensates at higher severity levels. This improvement also results in lower liquid yield and high hydrogen consumption. Biomass resources for pyrolysis are expected to become plentiful and widely distributed in the future, mainly through the use of crop residuals and growing of energy crops such as perennial grasses, annual grasses, and woody crops. Crude oil pipelines are less well distributed and, when evaluated on a county level, could access about 18of the total biomass supply. States with high potential include Texas, Oklahoma, California, and Louisiana. In this study, published data on pyrolysis oil was compiled into a data set along with bio-source source material, pyrolysis reactor conditions, and upgrading conditions for comparison to typical crude oils. Data of this type is expected to be useful in understanding the properties and chemistry and shipment of pyrolysis oil to refineries, where it can be further processed to fuel or used as a source of process heat.

关键词：热解油;化学;管道;生物量;化学性质

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iomass residue produced by timber harvest operations is estimated for the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas, Washington. Scattered residues were sampled in 53 harvest units and piled residues were completely enumerated in 55 harvest units. Production is based on 2008 and 2009 data and is stratified by forest location, ownership type, harvest intensity, and harvest method. An additional sampling was taken to ascertain the mass of wood present in a pile of biomass: 20 piles of biomass were measured for gross volume, processed into hog fuel, and remeasured for volume; five samples were drawn from each pile and examined for volume, green mass, and bone-dry mass. An equation relating mass of wood in a pile to the gross biomass volume is derived. Finally, the availability and average delivered cost per ton of biomass is calculated for five delivery centers on the Olympic Peninsula.

关键词：生物质残留；湿地;生猪燃料；体积密度；生物质能

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We have successfully demonstrated a novel reactor technology, based on BASF dual layer monolith catalyst, for miniaturizing the autothermal reforming of pyrolysis oil to syngas, the second and most critical of the three steps for thermochemically converting biomass waste to liquid transportation fuel. The technology was applied to aged as well as fresh samples of pyrolysis oil derived from five different biomass feedstocks, namely switch-grass, sawdust, hardwood/softwood, golden rod and maple. Optimization of process conditions in conjunction with innovative reactor system design enabled the minimization of carbon deposit and control of the H2/CO ratio of the product gas. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the integrated process using in part, experimental data from the project, indicates (1) net energy recovery of 49accounting for all losses and external energy input, (2) weight of diesel oil produced as a percent of the biomass to be approx. 14, and (3) for a demonstration size biomass to Fischer-Tropsch liquid plant of approx. 2000 daily barrels of diesel, the price of the diesel produced is approx. $3.30 per gallon, ex. tax. However, the extension of catalyst life is critical to the realization of the projected economics.

关键词：ATR反应器；油热解；合成气；生物质能

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国家能源局网站7月18日消息，为适应可再生能源发展形势需要，维护风力发电场、光伏电站和电网企业的合法权益，促进电力系统安全优质经济运行，近日，国家能源局和国家工商行政管理总局根据《中华人民共和国电力法》、《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》等法律法规和国家有关规定，在充分研讨和广泛征求意见的基础上，制定了风力发电场、光伏电站并网调度协议和购售电合同示范文本，并正式印发。

关键词：电力；行业要闻

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In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to hydrocarbon fuels to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot- and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. This technology pathway case investigates converting woody biomass using ex-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis followed by upgrading to gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks. Technical barriers and key research needs that should be pursued for this pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived blendstocks have been identified.

关键词：生物质热解；催化剂；化学分析；转换；生物质能

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Sky Park Landfill site in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provided technical assistance for this project. The purpose of this report is to assess the site for a possible photovoltaic (PV) system installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options. In addition, the report recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site. This study did not assess environmental conditions at the site. The Sky Park Landfill is a 26-acre site located on the southwest side of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, near Highway 37 and I-94. The site operated as a municipal waste facility from 1948 until closure in 1965. The present site is capped and unused, except for a small area used for excess snow and storm damage vegetation storage. A majority of the site has dense vegetation, including trees, which would need to be removed should the entire site be developed for a solar array. The site is located in an industrial district with adjacent manufacturing, offices, and municipal facilities. The feasibility of a PV system is highly impacted by the available area for an array, solar resource, distance to transmission lines, and distance to major roads. In addition, the operating status, ground conditions, and restrictions associated with redevelopment of a closed and capped landfill site can impact the feasibility of a PV system. Based on an assessment of these technical factors, the Sky Park Landfill is suitable for deployment of a large-scale PV system, should a reasonable power purchase agreement (PPA) be secured for the electricity produced.

关键词：太阳能；光伏性能；可行性研究；美国；土地计划；重新选址

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Cellulosic and woody biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon gasoline and diesel blending components through the use of integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2). The IH2 gasoline and diesel blending components are fully compatible with petroleum based gasoline and diesel, contain less than 1oxygen and have less than 1 total acid number (TAN). The IH2 gasoline is high quality and very close to a drop in fuel. The DOE funding enabled rapid development of the IH2 technology from initial proof-of-principle experiments through continuous testing in a 50 kg/day pilot plant. As part of this project, engineering work on IH2 has also been completed to design a 1 ton/day demonstration unit and a commercial-scale 2000 ton/day IH2 unit. These studies show when using IH2 technology, biomass can be converted directly to transportation quality fuel blending components for the same capital cost required for pyrolysis alone, and a fraction of the cost of pyrolysis plus upgrading of pyrolysis oil. Technoeconomic work for IH2 and lifecycle analysis (LCA) work has also been completed as part of this DOE study and shows IH2 technology can convert biomass to gasoline and diesel blending components for less than $2.00/gallon with greater than 90reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of the work completed in this DOE project, a joint development agreement was reached with CRI Catalyst Company to license the IH2 technology.

关键词：汽油；柴油燃料；加氢；石油；生物质能

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We sampled trees grown with and without competing vegetation control in an 11-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantation on a highly productive site in southwestern Washington to create diameter-based allometric equations for estimating individual-tree bole, branch, foliar, and total aboveground biomass. We used these equations to estimate per-hectare aboveground biomass, nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) content, and compared these results to (1) estimates based on biomass equations published in other studies, and (2) estimates made using the mean-tree method rather than allometric equations. Component and total-tree biomass equations were not influenced by the presence of vegetation control, although per-hectare biomass, C, and N estimates were greater where vegetation control was applied. Our biomass estimates differed from estimates using previously published biomass equations by as much as 23 percent. When using the mean-tree biomass estimation approach, we found that incorporating a previously published biomass equation improved accuracy of the mean-tree diameter calculation.

关键词：森林管理;树木（植物）；生物质能；碳；花旗松

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