关键词：钢铁；换热器；不锈钢；显微组织；液态金属

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Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. developed a load capable of continuously dissipating 2 MW of RF power from gyrotrons. The input uses HE11 corrugated waveguide and a rotating launcher to uniformly disperse the power over the lossy surfaces in the load. This builds on experience with a previous load designed to dissipate 1 MW of continuous RF power. The 2 MW load uses more advanced RF dispersion to double the capability in the same size device as the 1 MW load. The new load reduces reflected power from the load to significantly less than 1. This eliminates requirements for a preload to capture reflected power. The program updated control electronics that provides all required interlocks for operation and measurement of peak and average power. The program developed two version of the load. The initial version used primarily anodized aluminum to reduce weight and cost. The second version used copper and stainless steel to meet specifications for the ITER reactor currently under construction in France. Tests of the new load at the Japanese Atomic Energy Agency confirmed operation of the load to a power level of 1 MW, which is the highest power currently available for testing the load.

关键词：钢铁；ECR加热；铝；铜；峰值负载

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The energy development assumptions identified in the Department of Energy's position paper, 20Wind Energy by 2030, projected an exploding demand for wind energy-related workforce development. These primary assumptions drove a secondary set of assumptions that early stage wind industry workforce development and training paradigms would need to undergo significant change if the workforce needs were to be met. The current training practice and culture within the wind industry is driven by a relatively small number of experts with deep field experience and knowledge. The current training methodology is dominated by face-to-face, classroom based, instructor present training. Given these assumptions and learning paradigms, the purpose of the National Wind Distance Learning Collaborative was to determine the feasibility of developing online learning strategies and products focused on training wind technicians. The initial project scope centered on (1) identifying resources that would be needed for development of subject matter and course design/delivery strategies for industry-based (non-academic) training, and (2) development of an appropriate Learning Management System (LMS). As the project unfolded, the initial scope was expanded to include development of learning products and the addition of an academic-based training partner. The core partners included two training entities, industry-based Airstreams Renewables and academic-based Lake Area Technical Institute. A third partner, Vision Video Interactive, Inc. provided technology-based learning platforms (hardware and software).

关键词：风能；远程；协作；远程学习

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Since the start of the 20th century, average annual temperatures across the contiguous United States have increased approximately 1.5 F (0.8 C) (NOAA 2013b, EPA 2012a). Recent weather conditions are no exception to this trend. July 2012 was the hottest month in the United States since record keeping began in 1895, and 2012 was the warmest year overall, marked by historic high temperatures and droughts, above average wildfires, multiple intense storms that disrupted power to millions, and multiple extreme heat waves (NOAA 2013c). More than 60of the country experienced drought during the summer of 2012, including some areas of exceptional drought (NOAA 2013c, NOAA 2012c). These trends, which are expected to continue (NOAA 2013b, IPCC 2012, USGCRP 2009), could restrict the supply of secure, sustainable, and affordable energy critical to the nation s economic growth. At least three major climate trends are relevant to the energy sector: Increasing air and water temperatures Decreasing water availability in some regions and seasons Increasing intensity and frequency of storm events, flooding, and sea level rise This report part of the Administration s efforts to support national climate change adaptation planning through the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force and Strategic Sustainability Planning process established under Executive Order 13514 and to advance the U.S. Department of Energy s goal of promoting energy security examines current and potential future impacts of these climate trends on the U.S. energy sector. It identifies activities underway to address these challenges and discusses potential opportunities to enhance energy technologies that are more climate-resilient, as well as information, stakeholder engagement, and policies and strategies to further enable their deployment.

关键词：风能；美国；能源部门；气候变化；脆弱性；极端天气

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Broadly, this project involved the development and delivery of a new curriculum in wind energy engineering at the Pennsylvania State University; this includes enhancement of the Renewable Energy program at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. The new curricula at Penn State includes addition of wind energy-focused material in more than five existing courses in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science and mechanics and energy engineering, as well as three new online graduate courses. The online graduate courses represent a stand-alone Graduate Certificate in Wind Energy, and provide the core of a Wind Energy Option in an online intercollege professional Masters degree in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Systems. The Pennsylvania College of Technology erected a 10 kilowatt Xzeres wind turbine that is dedicated to educating the renewable energy workforce. The entire construction process was incorporated into the Renewable Energy A.A.S. degree program, the Building Science and Sustainable Design B.S. program, and other construction-related coursework throughout the School of Construction and Design Technologies. Follow-on outcomes include additional non-credit opportunities as well as secondary school career readiness events, community outreach activities, and public awareness postings.

关键词：风能；风力涡轮机；机械工程；可再生能源

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This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. The project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. Several turbines where selected for testing at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) as a part of the Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing project. Duration testing was one of up to five tests that could be performed on the turbines. Other tests included power performance, safety and function, noise, and power quality. Cascade Engineering, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, distributor of the Renewable Devices SWIFT turbine in North America, was the recipient of the DOE grant and provided the turbine for testing. The test equipment included a grid-connected SWIFT wind turbine mounted on a 13.7 meter (45-ft) free standing monopole. The system was installed by the NWTC Site Operations group with guidance and assistance from Cascade Engineering.

关键词：风能；风力涡轮机；耐久性；实验报告

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A robust and well-trained workforce is essential to developing domestic wind power projects to meet future energy demands. The future wind power workforce will include manufacturing, siting, operations, maintenance, education, and research capabilities. How prepared is the United States to train future employees in the wind industry. The purpose of this research is to better understand: Today's domestic wind workforce; Projected future workforce needs; and Whether existing and new training and educational programs meet the wind industry's future needs. Results presented in this report provide the first published investigation into the detailed makeup of the wind energy workforce as well as a glance at the educational infrastructure and training needs of the wind industry. Insights from this research into the domestic wind workforce will allow the private sector, educational institutions, and federal and state governmental organizations to make better informed workforce-related decisions based on the current data and future projections.

关键词：风能；风能工业；技术评估

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At the end of 2012, U.S. wind turbines in distributed applications reached a 10-year cumulative installed capacity of more than 812 MW from more than 69,000 units across all 50 states. In 2012 alone, nearly 3,800 wind turbines totaling 175 MW of distributed wind capacity were documented in 40 states and in the U.S. Virgin Islands, with 138 MW using utility-scale turbines (i.e., greater than 1 MW in size), 19 MW using mid-size turbines (i.e., 101 kW to 1 MW in size), and 18.4 MW using small turbines (i.e., up through 100 kW in size).

关键词：风能；分布式应用；风能技术；市场报告

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本报告从能源行业事件分析；竞争环境、竞争对手、行业数据等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：行业事件分析；竞争环境；竞争对手；行业数据

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This report is intended to provide offshore wind industry stakeholders a basis for evaluating potential cost saving installation, operation, and maintenance (IO&M) strategies and technologies. The work was completed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and its subcontractor, the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), in fulfillment of a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contract for subtopic 5.3: Optimized Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Strategies under topic 5: Optimized Infrastructure and Operations of Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) number DE-FOA-0000414, entitled U.S. Offshore Wind: Removing Market Barriers. For stakeholders carrying out project-specific evaluations of IO&M approaches presented herein, several related studies also conducted under this FOA will serve as valuable resources on specific aspects of offshore wind development infrastructure including ports, vessels, and supply chain parameters.

关键词：风能；海上风电成本；可再生能源；安装；操作；维护

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