关键词：风电；联邦机构；发电；电力系统；技术

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The U.S. power industry is undertaking several initiatives that will improve the operations of the power grid. One of those is the implementation of wide area measurements using phasor measurement units (PMUs) to dynamically monitor the operations and status of the network and provide advanced situational awareness and stability assessment. Wind power as an energy source is variable in nature. Similar to other large generating plants, outputs from wind power plants (WPPs) impact grid operations; conversely, grid disturbances affect the behavior of WPPs. The rapidly increasing penetration of wind power to the grid has resulted in more scrutiny of every aspect of wind plant operations and the demand that large WPPs should behave similarly to conventional power plants under normal and contingency grid conditions. The low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirement for WPPs is one such example. Other proposed requirements include frequency response and simulated plant inertia. To completely describe the system condition (state) of the electric power grid at any instant, it is necessary to know the voltage (V), current (I), and apparent power (S) of every point (node/bus) of the system. All three quantities in the alternating current (AC) power system are complex numbers that can be represented by phasors with both a magnitude and a phase angle. Out of the three phasor quantities, only two (any two) are needed to derive the third based on the equation S=VI*=P+jQ. The advance of computing power and worldwide availability of Global Positioning System (GPS) time signals make it possible for a PMU to measure voltage and current at a precise time and output these quantities in phasor form. GPS time signals can be accurate within 1 microsecond (is) anywhere the signal is available. GPS time signals enable the synchronization of measurements across the very large distances that power system interconnections span. This new technology not only produces very accurate phasor measurements but also enables synchronized measurements in the same instant.

关键词：风力发电厂；电力；互联电力系统；风电；相量测量单元（PMU）

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This presentation provides an overview of two NREL energy storage studies: Wind Hydrogen in California: Case Study and Blending Hydrogen Into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues. The presentation summarizes key issues, major model input

关键词：储氢；风能；天然气；管道

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With the increasing development of clean energy technologies,the application of new energy and carbon capture technology would have a positive effect for CO2 emissions reduction.In this paper,planning of power system model including clean energy technology facing low carbon targets established,considering the carbon emission rights allocation and carbon trading.By studying coal-fired power plant planning model with wind power and carbon capture technology for the future planning period,establish the multi-objective model of minimum comprehensive cost and biggest carbon trading gains,considering constraint conditions of power generating capacity,wind power integrated capacity and carbon emissions reduction targets.Use the bacterial colony chemotaxis algorithm for optimization calculation of the power planning,to give a planning scheme that can meet the requirements of economic development trend and emission reducing requirements.

关键词：清洁能源技术；电力规划；碳排放权；风电场；

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High operation and maintenance costs still hamper the development of the wind industry despite its quick growth worldwide. To reduce unscheduled downtime and avoid catastrophic failures of wind turbines and their components have been and will be crucial to further raise the competitiveness of wind power. Condition monitoring is one of the key tools for achieving such a goal. To enhance the research and development of advanced condition monitoring techniques dedicated to wind turbines, we present an overview of wind turbine condition monitoring, discuss current practices, point out existing challenges, and suggest possible solutions.

关键词：风力发电机;监测;风力发电;传动系统

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This project dealt with the development of a range of educational resources dealing with wind energy and wind energy integration in the electric grid. These resources were developed for a variety of audiences including; a) high school student, b) undergraduate electrical engineering students, c) graduate electrical engineering students, and d) practicing engineers in industry. All the developed material is available publicly and the courses developed are being taught at the two participating universities, Arizona State University and Iowa State University.

关键词：发电机；风力发电；电力系统；电气工程

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To better access the abundant offshore wind resource, efforts are being made across the world to develop and improve floating offshore wind turbine technologies. A critical aspect of creating reliable, mature floating wind turbine technology is the development, verification, and validation of efficient computer-aided-engineering (CAE) tools. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has created FAST, a comprehensive, coupled analysis CAE tool for floating wind turbines, which has been verified and utilized in numerous floating wind turbine studies. Several efforts are underway to validate the floating platform functionality of FAST to complement its already validated aerodynamic and structural simulation capabilities. The research employs the 1/50th-scale DeepCwind wind/wave basin model test dataset, which was obtained at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) in 2011. This paper describes further work being undertaken to continue this validation. These efforts focus on FASTs ability to replicate global response behaviors associated with dynamic wind forces and second-order difference frequency wave-diffraction forces separately and simultaneously.

关键词：风能;风力发电机;衍射;频率波

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The current scope of scientific knowledge regarding the presence and behavior of bats offshore is restricted by a variety of physical and logistical constraints. These constraints are largely associated with the general inability to directly observe activities of nocturnal species that occur over large expanses of open water; our current limited understanding of individual species distributions and movements over land; and a general lack of existing scientific inquiry on the subject to date. At the same time, certain bat activity patterns and incidences of mortality at terrestrial wind facilities are comparatively better understood. Concerns over population-wide impacts to bats associated with commercial wind facility mortality, habitat loss, and, in particular, the continued spread of White-Nose Syndrome have in the meantime prompted the US Fish and Wildlife Service to consider expanding the current list of federally protected bat species. Similarly, interest to increase our collective understanding of bat activities in offshore regions is expanding among federal and state resource agencies as efforts intensify to develop offshore energy sources. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) manages the exploration and development of the nation's offshore resources and is responsible for authorizing renewable energy activities on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). On the Atlantic, BOEMs jurisdiction on the OCS generally begins 3 nautical miles (nm) off the coast and extends at least 200 nm from the coast. In an effort to enhance the current knowledge base, BOEM requested Stantec develop a baseline record of bats occurring in the offshore environment. Existing opportunities to obtain and quantitatively analyze comparative data from sites on the OCS was restricted to a single site (a buoy) on the OCS. Consequently, the analyses presented are based on available data sets and in accordance with inland, coastal, and offshore as defined in this report. We anticipate a future analysis of activity within BOEM jurisdiction on the OCS will become available in the near term as additional shipboard and buoy data references become available.

关键词：风能;海上钻探;风;蝙蝠的相互作用;能源

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The impact of parameterized topographic internal lee wave drag on the input and output terms in the total mechanical energy budget of a hybrid coordinate high-resolution global ocean general circulation model forced by winds and air-sea buoyancy fluxes is examined here. Wave drag, which parameterizes the generation of internal lee waves arising from geostrophic flow impinging upon rough topography, is included in the prognostic model, ensuring that abyssal currents and stratification in the model are affected by the wave drag. An inline mechanical (kinetic plus gravitational potential) energy budget including four dissipative terms (parameterized topographic internal lee wave drag, quadratic bottom boundary layer drag, vertical eddy viscosity, and horizontal eddy viscosity) demonstrates that wave drag dissipates less energy in the model than a diagnostic (offline) estimate would suggest, due to reductions in both the abyssal currents and stratification. The equator experiences the largest reduction in energy dissipation associated with wave drag in inline versus offline estimates. Quadratic bottom drag is the energy sink most affected globally by the presence of wave drag in the model; other energy sinks are substantially affected locally, but not in their global integrals. It is suggested that wave drag cannot be mimicked by artificially increasing the quadratic bottom drag because the energy dissipation rates associated with bottom drag are not spatially correlated with those associated with wave drag where the latter are small. Additionally, in contrast to bottom drag, wave drag is a non-local energy sink. All four aforementioned dissipative terms contribute substantially to the total energy dissipation rate of about one terawatt.

关键词：风能；海洋模型；深海丘陵；风电输入；动量方程

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The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) hosted this workshop to engage with European scientists and regulators who have experience in offshore wind energy projects. The goal of this workshop was for BOEM to learn from the European experience with offshore wind development about the types of information that should be gathered during site assessment and characterization activities that best informs decisions about the siting of offshore wind facilities and potential mitigation measures. Three areas of particular interest were the focus of this workshop – birds, benthic habitats, and archaeology. These areas were selected because of the timeliness with respect to the preparation and release of BOEM guidelines for information collection. While the current focus is on pre-construction information collection, BOEM recognizes that this information is also the foundation for post-construction impact evaluation.

关键词：风电；鸟；信息系统；决策

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