By the third quarter of 2012, the United States had deployed more than 2.1 gigawatts (GWac1) of utility-scale solar generation capacity, with 4.6 GWac under construction as of August 2012 (SEIA 2012). Continued growth is anticipated owing to state renewable portfolio standards and decreasing system costs (DOE 2012a). One concern regarding large-scale deployment of solar energy is its potentially significant land use. Efforts have been made to understand solar land use estimates from the literature (Horner and Clark 2013); however, we were unable to find a comprehensive evaluation of solar land use requirements from the research literature. This report provides data and analysis of the land use associated with U.S. utility-scale ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) facilities. After discussing solar land-use metrics and our data-collection and analysis methods, we present total and direct land-use results for various solar technologies and system configurations, on both a capacity and an electricity-generation basis. The total area corresponds to all land enclosed by the site boundary. The direct area comprises land directly occupied by solar arrays, access roads, substations, service buildings, and other infrastructure. We quantify and summarize the area impacted, recognizing that the quality and duration of the impact must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. As of the third quarter of 2012, the solar projects we analyze represent 72of installed and under-construction utility-scale PV and CSP capacity in the United States.

关键词：太阳能；美国；发电厂；土地使用要求

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Prior to commercial operation, large solar systems in utility-size power plants need to pass performance acceptance tests conducted by the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor or owners. In lieu of the present absence of ASME4 or other international test codes developed for this purpose, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has undertaken the development of interim guidelines (the Guidelines) to provide recommendations for test procedures that can yield results of a high level of accuracy consistent with good engineering knowledge and practice. The Guidelines contained here follow the general approach of the earlier NREL report on parabolic trough collector fields, but in this case are specifically written for power tower solar systems composed of a heliostat (reflector) field directing the sun's rays to a receiver (heat exchanger) on a high central tower. The working fluid in the tower receiver can be molten salt, water/steam, air, CO2, or other suitable fluids, each with its own particular attributes. The fundamental differences between acceptance of a solar power plant and a conventional fossil-fired plant are the inherently transient nature of the energy source and the necessity to use a performance projection model in the acceptance process. These factors bring into play the need to establish methods to measure steady-state performance, comparison to performance model results, and the reasons to test and model multi-day performance within the scope of the acceptance testing procedures.

关键词：太阳能；公用事业；发电塔式；太阳能系统；性能验收

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前5 个月，物流与生产资料市场运行基本平稳、结构优化。一方面，市场规模增速稳中小幅回落，但保持较快增长；另一方面，在增速回落的同时，市场结构向好转变、流通方式加快转型。
当前市场运行出现积极变化，PMI 指数持续回升，升幅扩大；市场需求回升，供需关系趋向改善，价格回稳；企业原材料补库趋于积极，开工率有所回升；就业形势稳中有升。预计后期经济走势趋稳。但经济回升动力仍需巩固，经济活力仍需加强。

关键词：煤炭；钢材；有色金属；天然橡胶；汽车

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ORNL and subcontractor Cool Energy completed an investigation of higher-temperature, organic thermal fluids for solar thermal applications. Although static thermal tests showed promising results for 1-phenylnaphthalene, loop testing at temperatures to 450 degrees C showed that the material isomerized at a slow rate. In a loop with a temperature high enough to drive the isomerization, the higher melting point byproducts tended to condense onto cooler surfaces. So, as experienced in loop operation, eventually the internal channels of cooler components such as the waste heat rejection exchanger may become coated or clogged and loop performance will decrease. Thus, pure 1-phenylnaphthalene does not appear to be a fluid that would have a sufficiently long lifetime (years to decades) to be used in a loop at the increased temperatures of interest. Hence a decision was made not to test the ORNL fluid in the loop at Cool Energy Inc. Instead, Cool Energy tested and modeled power conversion from a moderate-temperature solar loop using coupled Stirling engines. Cool Energy analyzed data collected on third and fourth generation SolarHeart Stirling engines operating on a rooftop solar field with a lower temperature (Marlotherm) heat transfer fluid. The operating efficiencies of the Stirling engines were determined at multiple, typical solar conditions, based on data from actual cycle operation. Results highlighted the advantages of inherent thermal energy storage in the power conversion system.

关键词：太阳能；苯基萘；聚光太阳能发电；循环试验

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Professor Michl and collaborators prepared several icosahedral monocarba-closo-dodecaborate anions carrying halogen and trifluoromethyl substituents and investigated their oxidation by chemical and electrochemical means and by quantum chemical calculations. These anions are of interest for fuel cell and high-voltage battery applications, because they are unusually weakly nucleophilic and extremely difficult to oxidize, with reversible redox potentials calculated up to 5 V above ferrocene/ferricenium. In liquid sulfur dioxide, the standard solvent for electrochemical oxidation at highly positive potentials, all oxidations were irreversible. In 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol, the undecafluorinated anion is oxidized reversibly at 2.43 V above ferrocene/ferricenium (calculated 2.40 V) but the radical is too unstable for isolation. Other undecahalogenated anions are oxidized irreversibly. A promising new solvent that dissolves supporting electrolytes and resists oxidation is 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane. In two cases, the oxidized neutral radicals were sufficiently stable in perfluorohexane solution for spectroscopic characterization, but only up to -40 degrees C. At temperatures closer to ambient, this solvent was oxidized.

关键词：燃料电池；极端；氧化能力；酸性度；碱性度

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关键词：汽车；燃料；替代燃料；柴油机燃料；柴油电力机车

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报告从主要发电企业集团动态、电力产业环境、国内电网动态、电力设备行业信息、港台电力行业信息、国际动态等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：电力；集团动态；产业环境；电网动态；行业信息；国际动态

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This report from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory includes early fuel cell market composite data products for the third quarter of 2012 for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and combined (IAA, DLA, ARRA) deployment projects.

关键词：燃料电池；燃料电池市场；安排；组合

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This U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Concentrating Solar Power Program Review Meeting booklet will be provided to attendees at the Concentrating Solar Power Review Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona on April 23-25, 2013. The Program Review features presentations by DOE awardees working at the forefront of research, development, and demonstration towards reducing costs and increasing performance of CSP technologies. The Review also brings together a broad base of external stakeholders to engage in and contribute to the deployment of the CSP technologies being developed under the SunShot Initiative.

关键词：太阳能；聚光；发电计划；审查

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The Smart Grid is expected to increase the efficiency of the current power grid, to cope with volatile power production based on renewable resources, to reduce the need for fossil-based energy resources, and to guarantee the stability of power supply. To achieve these objectives, today's power grid is enhanced by information and communication technology to increase the information flow and to enable a sophisticated power production and power demand management. However, as the power grid is extended to a network of networks, it does not only become smarter, but also more vulnerable to security threats. This chapter discusses the current status and future developments of the Smart Grid and its challenges. Enhancements in terms of energy efficiency and new energy management approaches are covered as well as novel security challenges in different parts of the Smart Grid architecture. In short, this chapter analyzes some of the most striking risks and threats concerning the new Smart Grid infrastructure and discusses interdependencies between energy efficiency and security in the Smart Grid.

关键词：新能源；智能电网；能源效率；安全

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