Organophosphate compounds are used as pesticides and in chemical warfareagents such as nerve agents. VX ((O-ethyl S- 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl) methylphosphonothioate) is one of the most toxic and environmentally persistent of these nerve agents. This research examined the fate of malathion, a pesticide and surrogate of VX O-ethyl S- 2-(diisopropylamino) (ethyl)(methylphosphonothioate), in bench-scale activated sludge (AS) sequencing batch reactors. Sorption kinetics and sorption equilibrium isotherm experiments indicate that sorption to AS biomass was not a statistically important removal mechanism. However, approximately 90of the initial 4.25 mg L-1 malathion concentration degraded primarily via heterotrophic activity.

关键词：活性污泥法；生物降解；马拉硫磷；有机磷；生物质能

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering Americas Land initiative, selected the Vincent Mullins Landfill in Tucson, Arizona, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. Under the RE-Powering Americas Land initiative, the EPA provided funding to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to support the study. NREL provided technical assistance for this project but did not assess environmental conditions at the site beyond those related to the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The purpose of this report is to assess the site for a possible PV installation and estimate the cost and performance of different PV configurations, as well as to recommend financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system. In addition to the Vincent Mullins site, four similar landfills in Tucson are included as part of this study. The feasibility of a PV system depends greatly on both site-specific and economic factors. Site-specific factors include the available area for an array, solar resource, distance to transmission lines, and distance to major roads. In addition, the operating status, ground conditions, and restrictions associated with redevelopment of contaminated sites impact the feasibility of a PV system. Economic factors include purchase price of the electricity produced, power purchase agreement (PPA) price, and retail electric rates along with federal, state, and utility incentives for PV systems. Based on an assessment of these factors, the Vincent Mullins Landfill and other closed landfills in Tucson were found to be suitable sites for deployment of utility-scale PV systems. This study evaluated two development scenarios for implementing large-scale PV systems on Tucsons landfillsone in which the city owns and operates the system, and one where a private entity is allowed to develop the site using a PPA.

关键词：太阳能；亚利桑那州；穆林斯；经济学；太阳能光伏性能

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The research,based on combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network,studied the running scheme of combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network through ways of experiments and theoretical calculation of the mathematical model.Firstly,the research established mathematical model of heat equilibrium of the combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network; secondly,keeping the indoor heat load steady,compared the dynamic heat load provided by solar collector with that needed by heated room at the same time,determined time spans of the network stopping service and the heat load added by the network within 24 h.In the research we took a heating period in a typical room in Shenyang for example,under the conditions of low temperature floor radiant with heating index standard of 50W/m2 and 50 ℃ of the average supplied water temperature,40 ℃ of the return water temperature,calculated and verified the established mathematical model.The results include:when the heat load provided by solar collector is greater or less than the heat needed by the room,how many heat amount should be supplied by the running network and the amount of water flow within the network pipes correspondingly,and how long the network runs or stops.The final conclusions include:whether the running scheme of the combination system can save energy? the conditions of energy saving in running a combination system,and whether the system can bring environmental benefits.

关键词：太阳能；市政供热；制热运行

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This project provides critical innovations and fundamental understandings that enable development of an economically-viable process for catalytic conversion of biomass (sugar) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A low-cost ionic liquid (Cyphos 106) is discovered for fast conversion of fructose into HMF under moderate reaction conditions without any catalyst. HMF yield from fructose is almost 100on the carbon molar basis. Adsorbent materials and adsorption process are invented and demonstrated for separation of 99pure HMF product and recovery of the ionic liquid from the reaction mixtures. The adsorbent material appears very stable in repeated adsorption/regeneration cycles. Novel membrane-coated adsorbent particles are made and demonstrated to achieve excellent adsorption separation performances at low pressure drops. This is very important for a practical adsorption process because ionic liquids are known of high viscosity. Nearly 100conversion (or dissolution) of cellulose in the catalytic ionic liquid into small molecules was observed. It is promising to produce HMF, sugars and other fermentable species directly from cellulose feedstock. However, several gaps were identified and could not be resolved in this project. Reaction and separation tests at larger scales are needed to minimize impacts of incidental errors on the mass balance and to show 99.9ionic liquid recovery. The cellulose reaction tests were troubled with poor reproducibility. Further studies on cellulose conversion in ionic liquids under better controlled conditions are necessary to delineate reaction products, dissolution kinetics, effects of mass and heat transfer in the reactor on conversion, and separation of final reaction mixtures.

关键词：催化效果；生物质转化；燃料；吸附剂；生物质能

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本报告从能源行业事件分析；竞争环境、竞争对手、行业数据等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：行业事件分析；竞争环境；竞争对手；行业数据

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The SunShot Incubator project is a significant effort of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to partner with U.S. industry to accelerate the commercialization of solar energy systems that can meet aggressive cost and capacity goals by the end of the decade. Specifically, the SunShot Incubator projects fund technologies with a disruptive potential to reach the DOE SunShot Initiative goal of an unsubsidized cost-competitive levelized cost of energy by the end of the decade. This is estimated to be approximately 6 cents/kW-hr at utility scale.

关键词：太阳能；低成本；磁悬浮定日镜；技术报告

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The multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the smoke test to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 micrometers as compared to 0.47-0.67 micrometers due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007.

关键词：生物质燃烧，烟雾；云（气象）；大气校正；MODIS（辐射测量）；生物质能

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 5, in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Atlas Industrial Park in Duluth, Minnesota, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. Under the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, the EPA provided funding to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to support a feasibility study of solar renewable energy generation at the Atlas Industrial Park. NREL provided technical assistance for this project but did not assess environmental conditions at the site beyond those related to the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The purpose of this study is to assess the site for a possible PV installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV configurations. In addition, the study evaluates financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site. The feasibility of a PV project depends greatly on both site-specific and economic factors. Site-specific factors include the available area for an array, solar resource, distance to transmission lines, and distance to major roads. In addition, the operating status, ground conditions, and restrictions associated with redevelopment of contaminated sites impact the feasibility of a PV system. Economic factors include purchase price of the electricity produced, power purchase agreement (PPA) price, and retail electric rates along with federal, state, and utility incentives for PV systems. The Atlas Industrial Park is a 62-acre brownfield site currently undergoing remediation and redevelopment. The Duluth Economic Development Authority (DEDA), which owns the property, is considering a 2-acre parcel for a PV installation as part of its redevelopment plan. Based on an assessment of the site conditions, the Atlas Industrial Park is suitable for deployment of a large-or small-scale PV system; however, the economics specific to the area currently limit the financial viability of a PV installation. Table ES-1 summarizes the performance and economics of the different PV systems and the development/financing options evaluated in this study. The table shows the annual energy output, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and the PPA price along with the payback period and cost of each system.

关键词：太阳能；光伏性能；可行性；环境保护

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Revegetation of high elevation decomposed granite cut-slopes often requires repeated applications of soil amendments to attain sustained vegetative cover. Plant transects from slopes west of the Eisenhower Tunnel from 2007 to 2012 showed that cover was generally stable during this period. Soil fertility tests indicated that nutrients are generally low but still comparable to disturbed-but-revegetated reference plots. Soil organic matter and slow-release forms of nitrogen (N) may be a potential limiting factor. The N release rates of several common CDOT soil amendments were evaluated in a multi-year, field incubation experiment. Test results indicate a wide range of N release availability from nearly immediate to fairly slow release rates. Of the slow-release materials, about 74of total N content was released the first growing season, another 7in the following two years, while about 19was still retained in a more stable organic matter form at the end of the experiment. The study suggests that after several applications of slow-release amendments, vegetative cover on these cut-slopes is stabilizing. Implementation - Slopes that show signs of vegetation thinning should be re-amended promptly with modest amounts of slowly available N. Established stands or sites with more moderate growth conditions may be able to take up much of the available N from larger applications of these slow-release amendments. But on newly seeded sites in high elevation conditions with slow growth potential, the plants may not be large enough to capture N as it is released. An amendment with high carbon such as wood chips or shreds may immobilize excess N by incorporating it into microbial biomass as the mulch degrades. This mulch layer would also help retain organic duff to rebuild the soil. Combinations of existing organic amendments may provide slower, more long-lasting N release. Development of a soil test to specifically measure slowly releasing organic N would improve monitoring and management of erosive slopes.

关键词：公路；侵蚀控制；排水；植被；生物质能

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A CHARMM molecular mechanics force field for lignin is derived. Parameteriza- tion is based on reproducing quantum mechanical data of model compounds. Partial atomic charges are derived by the examination of methoxybenzene: water interactions. Dihedral parameters are optimized by fitting to critical rotational potentials, and bonded parameters are obtained by optimizing vibrational frequencies and normal modes. The force field is validated by performing a molecular dynamics simulation of a crystal of a lignin fragment molecule and comparing simulation-derived structural features with experimental results. Together with the existing force field for polysaccharides, this work will enable full simulations of lignocellulose.

关键词：纤维素；乙醇；生物质转化；生物质能；分子动力学

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