In order to solve the problem which is very common when we use a solar water heater for a shower but the hot water can not come immediately because of the cooled water remained in the pipeline, a no-pump cycling water-saving equipment is designed based on a pressure-regulated suction device, temperature acquisition control circuit and a water-saving box.The kinematics and mechanics parameters are confirmed on the result of calculation and software simulation, and are tested by doing physical experiment.It can make it come true to economize the water and energy for solar power heater.

关键词：太阳能热水器；节水；无泵；压力调节吸力

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The electric power system in North America is linked between the United States and Canada. Canada has historically been a net exporter of electricity to the United States. The extent to which this remains true will depend on the future evolution of power markets, technology deployment, and policies. To evaluate these and related questions, we modify the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model to include an explicit representation of the grid-connected power system in Canada to the continental United States. ReEDS is unique among long-term capacity expansion models for its high spatial resolution and statistical treatment of the impact of variable renewable generation on capacity planning and dispatch. These unique traits are extended to new Canadian regions.

关键词：电力系统；可再生能源；空间分辨率；电力

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The article describes how to use MCU that the latest low-cost of ATMEL SAM3 series to achieve the ideas and implementation methods of smart grid collector,and elaborates the specific programs from hardware to software implementation process.The schemes has the advantages of low-cost,high-performance,and high-reliability and meets the actual needs of hardware resources,the demanding requirement of cost-performance and reliability in the power industry,and now it has been applied in the National Grid collector.

关键词：电力系统；ATMEL SAM3N；电力收集器；智能电网

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This chapter presents a review of the main application areas of high performance computing in electrical energy systems and introduces some results obtained with the implementation of parallel computing to some relevant problems encountered in the planning, operation and control of such systems. The research topics described in the paper are optimization of hydrothermal systems operation, tunning of multiple power system stabilizers, security constrained optimal power flow, composite reliability evaluation, dynamic security assessment, and distribution network reconfiguration. Most of the work described includes results obtained with tests conducted using actual models of electrical energy systems.

关键词：高性能计算；电力能源系统；安全约束；热液系统

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This study focuses on the feasibility of using solar energy on Department of Defense (DoD) installations located throughout the Middle East. These DoD installations are currently using electricity generated from the local power grid at commercial rates, or generated by contractor-provided diesel generators. As an alternative, the effective use of solar energy may result in considerable savings and operational efficiency. In contrast to oil prices, the cost of renewable energy has been declining rapidly in recent years. The cost of solar panels, for example, has decreased by more than 60 percent since 2009 (Reichart, 2011). The aim of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels at DoD installations with respect to their cost-effectiveness in installation, operation, maintenance, security, sustainability, and reliability. We will examine meteorological data that provide the average monthly sunlight levels for different geographical areas, information on the effectiveness of the commercial solar PV panels currently available, electricity consumption levels for DoD installations at different times of the day, and current cost structures. Noneconomic attributes of solar installations also need to be considered to properly assess the feasibility of solar power as a substitute for current sources of electricity. The research is limited to evaluating the feasibility of using solar PV panels for electricity generation in forward operating bases. We have analyzed a trend in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for solar PV panels and have come to the conclusion that solar PV panels will become competitive with grid energy around 2020, provided that current growth projections in installed capacity and a corresponding decrease in the cost of solar PV-generated electricity continue. In light of our findings, we are confident that solar PV has the potential to compete with grid electricity in the near future.

关键词：电力生产；光电细胞（半导体）；太阳能电池板；太阳能

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The Smart Grid is expected to increase the efficiency of the current power grid, to cope with volatile power production based on renewable resources, to reduce the need for fossil-based energy resources, and to guarantee the stability of power supply. To achieve these objectives, today's power grid is enhanced by information and communication technology to increase the information flow and to enable a sophisticated power production and power demand management. However, as the power grid is extended to a network of networks, it does not only become smarter, but also more vulnerable to security threats. This chapter discusses the current status and future developments of the Smart Grid and its challenges. Enhancements in terms of energy efficiency and new energy management approaches are covered as well as novel security challenges in different parts of the Smart Grid architecture. In short, this chapter analyzes some of the most striking risks and threats concerning the new Smart Grid infrastructure and discusses interdependencies between energy efficiency and security in the Smart Grid.

关键词：智能电网；可再生资源；信息流；电力需求管理

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本报告从能源行业事件分析；竞争环境、竞争对手、行业数据等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：行业事件分析；竞争环境；竞争对手；行业数据

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Development and application of SmartGrids or Intelligrids, including roll-out of smart meters and electrical vehicles, is of a great importance if the UK and other countries are to achieve significant carbon emission reductions and realize sustainable energy systems. These new grids will offer the opportunity to increase the level of renewable energy integrated into the system. They will also allow customers, including small households, to actively participate and adjust their demand depending on energy availability and price. This will further lead towards improved energy efficiency, as well as offer possibilities to reduce overall consumption and reduce or postpone investments into new large generation and infrastructure facilities. To achieve these goals, a number of technical, economical and policy issues need to be addressed and resolved. The development of new generations of extremely fast software tools that can solve power system problems with large number of nodes will also be important to help resolve these issues. For example, distribution system and network operators, as well as trading entities such as aggregators, will get a better coordination of system operation though the possibility to engage with even smaller generators, and especially smaller customers. This control at lower voltage levels will allow for the aggregation of responses which will then propagate to higher voltage levels. Currently, the discussion regarding the operation of future power systems is looking into two different options. One is to develop methodologies that will allow decentralization of network operation with the reduced level of coordination at the high level of system operation. However, the new software developed to exploit the benefits of the HPC architecture may open a possibility for businesses and policy makers to investigate and compare operation of centralized vs. decentralized operation over areas with large number of participants.. These new HPC power system analysis tools will enable more frequent price signal calculations and bring the possibility to define policies which will ensure engagement with customers to reduce their energy consumption or shift it towards off-peak periods, as well as allow for the coordination of charging of electric vehicles and their use as storage devices. Such tools will be useful for both decentralized and centralized operation, however they will be crucial for the latter.

关键词：电力系统；智能电网；高性能计算系统；HPC架构

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Wind turbine generators (WTGs) consist of many different components to convert kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy for end users. Wind energy is accessed to provide mechanical torque for driving the shaft of the electrical generator. The conversion from wind power to mechanical power is governed by the aerodynamic conversion. The aerodynamicelectrical- conversion efficiency of a WTG is influenced by the efficiency of the blades, the gearbox, the generator, and the power converter

关键词：风能；风力涡轮机；电动发电机；空气动力学

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NREL and Solar Power Industries will cooperate to evaluate technology for producing solar grade silicon from industrial waste of the phosphorus industry, as developed by the Institute of Physics and Technology (IPT), Kazakhstan. Evaluation will have a technical component to assess the material quality and a business component to assess the economics of the IPT process. The total amount of silicon produced by IPT is expected to be quite limited (50 kg), so evaluations will need to be done on relatively small quantities (5 kg/sample). Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories, including NREL, have been placing subcontracts for research and development services with scientific institutes in the Newly Independent States (NIS) under various DOE programs for many years.

关键词：硅太阳能电池；研究及开发；太阳能；技术评估

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