Radioisotope power systems (RPS) for space applications have powered over 27 U.S. space systems, starting with Transit 4A and 4B in 1961, and more recently with the successful landing of the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity in August 2012. RPS enable missions with destinations far from the Sun with faint solar flux, on planetary surfaces with dense or dusty atmospheres, and at places with long eclipse periods where solar array sizes and energy storage mass become impractical. RPS could also provide an enabling capability in support of human exploration activities. It is envisioned that with the higher power needs of most human mission concepts, a high efficiency thermal-to-electric technology would be required such as the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope generator (ASRG). The ASRG should be capable of a four-fold improvement in efficiency over traditional thermoelectric RPS. While it may be impractical to use RPS as a main power source, many other applications could be considered, such as crewed pressurized rovers, in-situ resource production of propellants, back-up habitat power, drilling, any mobile or remote activity from the main base habitat, etc. This paper will identify potential applications and provide concepts that could be a practical extension of the current ASRG design in providing for robust and flexible use of RPS on human exploration missions.

关键词：光电转换；航空航天系统；储能

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Distributed photovoltaic (PV) projects must go through an interconnection study process before connecting to the distribution grid. These studies are intended to identify the likely impacts and mitigation alternatives. In the majority of the cases, system impacts can be ruled out or mitigation can be identified without an involved study, through a screening process or a simple supplemental review study. For some proposed projects, expensive and time-consuming interconnection studies are required. The challenges to performing the studies are twofold. First, every study scenario is potentially unique, as the studies are often highly specific to the amount of PV generation capacity that varies greatly from feeder to feeder and is often unevenly distributed along the same feeder. This can cause location-specific impacts and mitigations. The second challenge is the inherent variability in PV power output which can interact with feeder operation in complex ways, by affecting the operation of voltage regulation and protection devices. The typical simulation tools and methods in use today for distribution system planning are often not adequate to accurately assess these potential impacts. This report demonstrates how quasi-static time series (QSTS) simulation and high time-resolution data can be used to assess the potential impacts in a more comprehensive manner. The QSTS simulations are applied to a set of sample feeders with high PV deployment to illustrate the usefulness of the approach. The report describes methods that can help determine how PV affects distribution system operations. The simulation results are focused on enhancing the understanding of the underlying technical issues. The examples also highlight the steps needed to perform QSTS simulation and describe the data needed to drive the simulations. The goal of this report is to make the methodology of time series power flow analysis readily accessible to utilities and others responsible for evaluating potential PV impacts.

关键词：光伏电源;发电;互联电力系统

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This report documents the development of a framework for a numerical modeling application that can help installation managers develop optimal land- use policies that support competing uses to the greatest extent feasible. Specifically, this framework is de-signed for modeling landscapes that must concurrently maximize a military training mission, conservation of ecosystem services needed by species at risk, and development of renewable energy resources. These competing land uses have become necessary in recent decades due to emerging regulatory requirements for environmental conservation and strategic requirements for producing renewable energy on military lands. The modeling framework includes a table of land-use needs, land-use suitability maps, and a land-use compatibility matrix, which will be implemented as part of the user interface for the proposed numerical model. In a later phase of this work the framework will be extended to include the time domain, which will play a significant role in scheduling military training and testing activities to avoid interfering with certain essential but conflicting factors such as endangered species breeding cycles or the seasonal availability of solar exposure for photovoltaic production.

关键词：生态系统;濒危物种;数值模拟;可持续发展

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This report documents the demonstration of a self-adhering, thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology applied to a new aluminum-zinc coated standing-seam metal roof (SSMR) with a high-performance coating. The demonstration took place at Kilauea Military Camp (KMC), HI, which has a uniquely corrosive environment due to the periodic presence of volcanic gases. It also has high electric utility costs and limited grid capacity. The corrosion performance of the roof and PV solar array was evaluated by periodic visual examination, onsite atmospheric coupon testing, and accelerated weathering laboratory tests of material coupons. Sensors were also installed at the interface between the PV membrane and roofing material, mounted in outdoor exposure at the site, to record any developing signs of corrosion. Af-ter a year in service, the PV appliqu modules were found to have no deleterious effect on the new SSMR, and the PV system performed as expected. However, due to the high first-costs related to procuring the thin-film PV components, the 30 year return on investment (ROI) ratio was only 0.19. Although the system is not economical enough to warrant Army-wide implementation, it may be specified in individual cases where energy sustainability is a higher priority than ROI.

关键词：光电电池（半导体）;耐腐蚀;军事设施;电力系统

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Although the measurement of this performance metric might appear to be straightforward, there are a number of subtleties associated with variations in weather and imperfect data collection that complicate the determination and data analysis. A performance assessment is most valuable when it is completed with a very low uncertainty and when the subtleties are systematically addressed, yet currently no standard exists to guide this process. This report summarizes a draft methodology for an Energy Performance Evaluation Method, the philosophy behind the draft method, and the lessons that were learned by implementing the method. The general philosophy behind the methodology includes the following features: The method is performance-model agnostic. The performance model must not be inadvertently modified, when being implemented on the measured meteorological data sets, relative to the model that was used on the historical data set. The parties to the test must intentionally define the test boundary differentiating what is being tested from what is not being tested. When correctly implemented, the test result should be independent of the weather and other parameters found outside of the test boundary.

关键词：光伏电源;能源系统;评估;数据采集

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This analysis evaluates how the value of energy storage changes when adding variable generation (VG) renewable energy resources to the grid. A series of VG energy penetration scenarios from 16to 55were generated for a utility system in the western United States. This operational value of storage (measured by its ability to reduce system production costs) was estimated in each VG scenario, considering provision of different services and with several sensitivities to fuel price and generation mix. Overall, the results found that the presence of VG increases the value of energy storage by lowering off-peak energy prices more than on-peak prices, leading to a greater opportunity to arbitrage this price difference. However, significant charging from renewables, and consequently a net reduction in carbon emissions, did not occur until VG penetration was in the range of 40-50. Increased penetration of VG also increases the potential value of storage when providing reserves, mainly by increasing the amount of reserves required by the system. Despite this increase in value, storage may face challenges in capturing the full benefits it provides. Due to suppression of on-/off-peak price differentials, reserve prices, and incomplete capture of certain system benefits (such as the cost of power plant starts), the revenue obtained by storage in a market setting appears to be substantially less than the net benefit (reduction in production costs) provided to the system. Furthermore, it is unclear how storage will actually incentivize large-scale deployment of renewables needed to substantially increase VG penetration. This demonstrates some of the additional challenges for storage deployed in restructured energy markets.

关键词：太阳能；风力发电；能源储存；电网

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Deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is growing rapidly in the United States. Utilities and system operators are increasingly conducting studies of the impact of PV on operations, including assessments of short-term variability and uncertainty. Consideration of the complex issues surrounding sub-hourly variability and forecasting of PV power output has still been somewhat limited because of the difficulty of creating realistic sub-hourly PV datasets and forecast errors for future scenarios with increased PV production. How utility operations should be changed to more economically integrate large amounts of solar PV power is an open question currently being considered by many utilities. This study develops a systematic framework for estimating the increase in operating costs due to uncertainty and variability in renewable resources, uses the framework to quantify the integration costs associated with sub-hourly solar power variability and uncertainty, and shows how changes in system operations may affect these costs. Toward this end, we present a statistical method for estimating the required balancing reserves to maintain system reliability along with a model for commitment and dispatch of the portfolio of thermal and renewable resources at different stages of system operations. We estimate the costs of sub-hourly solar variability, short-term forecast errors, and day-ahead (DA) forecast errors as the difference in production costs between a case with realistic PV (i.e., subhourly solar variability and uncertainty are fully included in the modeling) and a case with well behaved PV (i.e., PV is assumed to have no sub-hourly variability and can be perfectly forecasted). In addition, we highlight current practices that allow utilities to compensate for the issues encountered at the sub-hourly time frame with increased levels of PV penetration.

关键词：太阳能；光伏电源；可再生能源；电力系统

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With the increasing penetration of distribution connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, more and more PV developers and utilities are interested in easing future PV interconnection concerns by mitigating some of the impacts of PV integration using advanced PV inverter controls and functions. This paper describes the testing of a 500 kW PV inverter using Power Hardware-in-Loop (PHIL) testing techniques. The test setup is described and the results from testing the inverter in advanced functionality modes, not commonly used in currently interconnected PV systems, are presented. PV inverter operation under PHIL evaluation that emulated both the DC PV array connection and the AC distribution level grid connection are shown for constant power factor (PF) and constant reactive power (VAr) control modes. The evaluation of these modes was completed under varying degrees of modeled PV variability.

关键词：光伏电源;逆变器;网格;互联电力系统

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Russia accounted for a quarter of global gas production with its 668mn cu m of gas in 2013. Thus, the country ranked among the top gas producers in the world along the Unites States and Qatar. The Russian economy is highly dependent on natural gas and its share in energy consumption in the country exceeds the average in the western countries.

关键词：天然气；储量与消耗；外商直接投资

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关键词：电力工业；废除补贴；融资

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