This report documents the demonstration of a self-adhering, thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology applied to a new aluminum-zinc coated standing-seam metal roof (SSMR) with a high-performance coating. The demonstration took place at Kilauea Military Camp (KMC), HI, which has a uniquely corrosive environment due to the periodic presence of volcanic gases. It also has high electric utility costs and limited grid capacity. The corrosion performance of the roof and PV solar array was evaluated by periodic visual examination, onsite atmospheric coupon testing, and accelerated weathering laboratory tests of material coupons. Sensors were also installed at the interface between the PV membrane and roofing material, mounted in outdoor exposure at the site, to record any developing signs of corrosion. Af-ter a year in service, the PV appliqu modules were found to have no deleterious effect on the new SSMR, and the PV system performed as expected. However, due to the high first-costs related to procuring the thin-film PV components, the 30 year return on investment (ROI) ratio was only 0.19. Although the system is not economical enough to warrant Army-wide implementation, it may be specified in individual cases where energy sustainability is a higher priority than ROI.

关键词：光电电池（半导体）;耐腐蚀;军事设施;电力系统

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Although the measurement of this performance metric might appear to be straightforward, there are a number of subtleties associated with variations in weather and imperfect data collection that complicate the determination and data analysis. A performance assessment is most valuable when it is completed with a very low uncertainty and when the subtleties are systematically addressed, yet currently no standard exists to guide this process. This report summarizes a draft methodology for an Energy Performance Evaluation Method, the philosophy behind the draft method, and the lessons that were learned by implementing the method. The general philosophy behind the methodology includes the following features: The method is performance-model agnostic. The performance model must not be inadvertently modified, when being implemented on the measured meteorological data sets, relative to the model that was used on the historical data set. The parties to the test must intentionally define the test boundary differentiating what is being tested from what is not being tested. When correctly implemented, the test result should be independent of the weather and other parameters found outside of the test boundary.

关键词：光伏电源;能源系统;评估;数据采集

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This analysis evaluates how the value of energy storage changes when adding variable generation (VG) renewable energy resources to the grid. A series of VG energy penetration scenarios from 16to 55were generated for a utility system in the western United States. This operational value of storage (measured by its ability to reduce system production costs) was estimated in each VG scenario, considering provision of different services and with several sensitivities to fuel price and generation mix. Overall, the results found that the presence of VG increases the value of energy storage by lowering off-peak energy prices more than on-peak prices, leading to a greater opportunity to arbitrage this price difference. However, significant charging from renewables, and consequently a net reduction in carbon emissions, did not occur until VG penetration was in the range of 40-50. Increased penetration of VG also increases the potential value of storage when providing reserves, mainly by increasing the amount of reserves required by the system. Despite this increase in value, storage may face challenges in capturing the full benefits it provides. Due to suppression of on-/off-peak price differentials, reserve prices, and incomplete capture of certain system benefits (such as the cost of power plant starts), the revenue obtained by storage in a market setting appears to be substantially less than the net benefit (reduction in production costs) provided to the system. Furthermore, it is unclear how storage will actually incentivize large-scale deployment of renewables needed to substantially increase VG penetration. This demonstrates some of the additional challenges for storage deployed in restructured energy markets.

关键词：太阳能；风力发电；能源储存；电网

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Deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is growing rapidly in the United States. Utilities and system operators are increasingly conducting studies of the impact of PV on operations, including assessments of short-term variability and uncertainty. Consideration of the complex issues surrounding sub-hourly variability and forecasting of PV power output has still been somewhat limited because of the difficulty of creating realistic sub-hourly PV datasets and forecast errors for future scenarios with increased PV production. How utility operations should be changed to more economically integrate large amounts of solar PV power is an open question currently being considered by many utilities. This study develops a systematic framework for estimating the increase in operating costs due to uncertainty and variability in renewable resources, uses the framework to quantify the integration costs associated with sub-hourly solar power variability and uncertainty, and shows how changes in system operations may affect these costs. Toward this end, we present a statistical method for estimating the required balancing reserves to maintain system reliability along with a model for commitment and dispatch of the portfolio of thermal and renewable resources at different stages of system operations. We estimate the costs of sub-hourly solar variability, short-term forecast errors, and day-ahead (DA) forecast errors as the difference in production costs between a case with realistic PV (i.e., subhourly solar variability and uncertainty are fully included in the modeling) and a case with well behaved PV (i.e., PV is assumed to have no sub-hourly variability and can be perfectly forecasted). In addition, we highlight current practices that allow utilities to compensate for the issues encountered at the sub-hourly time frame with increased levels of PV penetration.

关键词：太阳能；光伏电源；可再生能源；电力系统

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With the increasing penetration of distribution connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, more and more PV developers and utilities are interested in easing future PV interconnection concerns by mitigating some of the impacts of PV integration using advanced PV inverter controls and functions. This paper describes the testing of a 500 kW PV inverter using Power Hardware-in-Loop (PHIL) testing techniques. The test setup is described and the results from testing the inverter in advanced functionality modes, not commonly used in currently interconnected PV systems, are presented. PV inverter operation under PHIL evaluation that emulated both the DC PV array connection and the AC distribution level grid connection are shown for constant power factor (PF) and constant reactive power (VAr) control modes. The evaluation of these modes was completed under varying degrees of modeled PV variability.

关键词：光伏电源;逆变器;网格;互联电力系统

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Russia accounted for a quarter of global gas production with its 668mn cu m of gas in 2013. Thus, the country ranked among the top gas producers in the world along the Unites States and Qatar. The Russian economy is highly dependent on natural gas and its share in energy consumption in the country exceeds the average in the western countries.

关键词：天然气；储量与消耗；外商直接投资

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关键词：电力工业；废除补贴；融资

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报告从行业环境、太阳能、风能、生物质能、新能源汽车等几个方面进行了分析及评论。

关键词：太阳能；风能；生物质能；新能源汽车

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Oil and gas security refers to the technological solutions implemented to secure oil and gas infrastructure such as pipelines, refineries, and storage facilities from attacks from terrorists and cyber attackers. Oil and gas products play an important role in a nation's security, and hence the security of oil and gas products is always important.

关键词：石油；天然气；安全问题

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财务风险是企业财务管理工作的重要内容，如何切实有效地防范企业财务风险，确保企业能够健康、快速的发展已经成为我国燃气行业面临的重大课题。本文通过对燃气行业财务风险的成因进行分析，以期寻找更为有效的防范燃气行业财务风险的方法。

关键词：燃气行业；财务风险

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