Previous work quantifying the non-hardware balance-of-system costs--or soft costs--associated with building a residential or commercial photovoltaic (PV) system has left a significant portion unsegmented in an other soft costs category. This report attempts to better quantify the other soft costs by focusing on the financing, overhead, and profit of residential and commercial PV installations for a specific business model. There are many different business models in the PV marketplace, with varying cost structures; however, a common model was chosen to gain better insight of typical costs within the currently unsegmented other soft costs category. This report presents results from a bottom-up data-collection and analysis of the upfront costs associated with developing, constructing, and arranging third-party-financed residential and commercial PV systems. It quantifies the indirect corporate costs required to install distributed PV systems as well as the transactional costs associated with arranging third-party financing. It accompanies the recent National Renewable Energy Laboratory soft cost benchmarking report (Friedman et al. 2013), which quantifies all the non-hardware balance-of-system costs associated with building a residential or commercial PV system.

关键词：光伏电源;融资;基准;电子系统

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关键词：碳排放；困境；能耗；国际形象

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报告从主要发电企业集团动态、电力产业环境、国内电网动态、电力设备行业信息、港台电力行业信息、国际动态等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：电力；集团动态；产业环境；电网动态；行业信息；国际动态

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The uncertainty and variability associated with photovoltaic (PV) generation make it very challenging to balance power system generation and load, especially for high penetration cases. Higher reserve requirements and more cycling of conventional generators are generally anticipated for large-scale PV integration. However, whether the existing generation fleet is flexible enough to handle the variations and how well the system can maintain its control performance are difficult to predict. The goal of this project is to develop a software program that can perform intra-hour dispatch and automatic generation control (AGC) simulation, by which the balancing operations of a system can be simulated to answer the questions posed above. The simulator, named Electric System Intra-Hour Operation Simulator (ESIOS), uses the NV Energy southern system as a study case, and models the systems generator configurations, AGC functions, and operator actions used to balance system generation and load. Actual dispatch of AGC generators and control performance under various PV penetration levels were assessed by running ESIOS. The results could provide system operators with more insights on what to expect with different amount of PV generation in the system. This report describes the design of the simulator and presents the study results.

关键词：光伏电源；可再生能源；仿真；电力系统

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Infrared (IR) detectors have found wide-spread use in military applications including night-vision, rifle sights, surveillance gear, and tracking and guidance systems. These detectors provide a means for information collection and increased situational awareness, allowing for threat identification and informed decision making. The IR sensors used in these detectors can be categorized into two classes Photon (or quantum) and Thermal depending on the physics of operation. Photon detectors operate by the creation of an electrical signal in semiconducting material produced from the electronic absorption of incoming photons, and the signal is read as a photocurrent or at a photovoltaic p-n junction. These detectors can provide high-sensitivity and fast refresh rates and are typically found in applications with high- sensitivity requirements. Unfortunately, these detectors require sub-100 K cooling to lower thermal noise for optimal performance making them both bulky and expensive.

关键词：红外探测器；数据采集；铁电；电力系统

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Today's utility planners have a different market and economic context than their predecessors, including planning for the growth of renewable energy. State and federal support policies, solar photovoltaic (PV) price declines, and the introduction of new business models for solar PV ownership are leading to increasing interest in solar technologies (especially PV); however, solar introduces myriad new variables into the utility resource planning decision. Most, but not all, utility planners have less experience analyzing solar than conventional generation as part of capacity planning, portfolio evaluation, and resource procurement decisions. To begin to build this knowledge, utility staff expressed interest in one effort: utility exchanges regarding data, methods, challenges, and solutions for incorporating solar in the planning process. Through interviews and a questionnaire, this report aims to begin this exchange of information and capture utility-provided information about: (1) how various utilities approach long-range resource planning; (2) methods and tools utilities use to conduct resource planning; and, (3) how solar technologies are considered in the resource planning process. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA) worked together to engage utilities directly to research this topic and author this report. An advisory council of electric industry experts guided the methodology used and provided feedback on draft analysis. The main sources of information captured in this report were predominantly from utilities. The authors conducted interviews with electric sector representatives from 13 entities (9 of which were utilities) and developed a utility questionnaire that secured more specific modeling data sources and methodologies from 28 utilities in 22 states.

关键词：太阳能发电机；电力公用事业；经济分析；电力

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Systems descriptions, costs, technical and market readiness assessments are reported for ten solar technologies: solar heating and cooling of buildings (SHACOB), passive, agricultural and industrial process heat (A/IPH), biomass, ocean thermal (OTEC), wind (WECS), solar thermal electric, photovoltaics, satellite power station (SPS), and solar total energy systems (STES). Study objectives, scope, and methods are presented. The cost and market analyses portion of Joint Task 5213/6103 will be used to make commercialization assessments in the conclusions of the final report.

关键词：太阳能；电力系统；光伏电源;；风力发电

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We deployed a 855 cm2 thin-film, single-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) photovoltaic (PV) module outdoors. Due to its fundamentally different cell technology compared to silicon (Si), the module responds differently to outdoor conditions.

关键词：光伏电池;镓砷化物;薄膜;砷化镓太阳能电池

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At present,there are many commonly used maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control methods for solar photovoltaic system which have different degrees of output fluctuations.In order to solve the problem and improve the response speed further,a novel MPPT algorithm based on the extreme learning machine was put forward in this paper.Using the extreme learning machine which has small error,fast speed and simple structure train a mathematical model with the environmental temperature and light intensity as input and the maximum power point as output,the model can be used as the controller of the photovoitaic cells.The simulation results show that the error of the model meets the requirements,when the ambient temperature and light intensity change,it can respond quickly so as to photovoltaic cells work at the maximum power point and operate stably.

关键词：光伏; MPPT;极端学习机;快速; SIMULINK

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Since CuInSe2 (commonly called as CIS) materials has become one of most important photovoltaic materials,they are investigated with optical spectroscopies in this paper.The crystal structure,surface microstructure morphology and composition of the samples are analyzed in XRD and SEM with EDX,and the surface electronic state and optical properties of the samples are characterized in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Ultraviolet-visible Spectrum instruments.The results show that CIS phase is very uniform,some impurity phases appear in the samples,the atomic distributing percentages of the surfaces of bulk samples are very consistent in the composition ratio forming the crystal phases of the samples,and the atomic electrons are more active than ones in the relevant elements.Furthermore,the thin film of the sample has high solar energy absorptivity,and is suitable for to be manufactured as solar cell.

关键词：太阳能电池; CulnSe2;组织;电力系统

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