This report discusses light-vehicle crash countermeasure profiles and functions for five target pre-crash scenario groups based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. Target pre-crash scenario groups include rear-end, lane change, opposite direction, junction crossing, and left turn across path from opposite direction (LTAP/OD) crashes involving at least one light vehicle (e.g., passenger car, van, minivan, sport utility vehicle, or light pickup truck with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less). There are 10 pre-crash scenarios in these groups to be addressed by V2V-based crash countermeasures. Kinematic equations are presented for the time-to-collision and avoidance maneuvers to identify information needs for these crash countermeasures. Information needs are translated into countermeasure functional requirements based on relevant safety applications devised in two prior research projects dealing with cooperative V2V communications and autonomous vehicle-based sensing systems. This report identifies two target pre-crash scenarios that would require new safety applications not developed in prior projects, including the LTAP/OD and opposite direction/no vehicle maneuver pre-crash scenarios.

关键词：避免崩溃;车辆安全通信系统;事故减少;对策;信息需求

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In this paper, on-board Measurements of particle emissions were carried out on a VW diesel car in Shanghai real roads.The test fuels included pure petroleum diesel (D100) and three different alternative fuel blends, 10％ biodiesel blend (BD10), 10％ coal-to-liquid fuel blend (C10) and 10％ gas-to-liquid fuel blend (G10) in volumetric mixture ratio.Results showed that particle emissions in freeways were terrible, and particle number emission ratios from urban roads were high.The test alternative blend fuels of BD10, Bul0, G10 and C10 all have positive effects on the particle emissions of test diesel car.

关键词：柴油汽车；替代燃料；车载测量；道路类型；粒子排放

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针对发动机非线性、时滞、时变对象在线控制问题,利用高斯函数作为CMAC神经网络的基函数降低网络计算量,结合自适应算法构建发动机空燃比控制方法。在此基础上,为获取精确控制效果,提出采用灰色马尔科夫模型预测下一时刻氧传感器的状况,从而对喷油量进行补偿,以消除由于传感器信号时间滞后对喷油补偿量的影响。在采用台架试验数据确定控制策略模型的结构参数的基础上,对提出的自适应混合控制方法进行了测试。测试结果说明,提出的控制方法不仅保证了稳态空燃比控制的准确性,同时提高了暂态工况下空燃比控制的有效性。

关键词：灰色马尔科夫预测；混合控制；自适应控制；空燃比

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Particle emissions of a diesel car fueled with coal to liquids (CTL) on road were tested.The particle number and size distribution were mainly studied.Three typical roads were adopted in this test, including urban arterial roads, secondary roads and freeways.The results show that transient particle number of the car has a corresponding relationship with the vehicle speed.With the speed increasing, the number of both nucleation mode particles and accumulation mode particles increase continuously.With the CTL blend ratio increasing, the number of nucleation mode particles and accumulation mode particles decreases, especially accumulation mode particles whose size are more than 100nm diameter.With the CTL blend ratio increasing, the particle numbers in the three typical roads show downward trends, especially on freeways.It shows that the CTL fuel can distinctly reduce the exhaust particle number of diesel cars on road.

关键词：柴油汽车;煤液体;道路;粒子排放

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研究了不同预喷条件下满足国Ⅴ排放的高压共轨柴油机燃用混合燃料BD20(含80%体积分数的国Ⅴ柴油和20%体积分数的餐饮废油制生物柴油)的燃烧及排放特性。结果表明:采用预喷射后滞燃期有所缩短,燃烧持续期有所增大。相比于预喷间隔,预喷油量对滞燃期及燃烧持续期的影响更为显著;预喷射显著减小了主燃烧的压力升高率,改善了燃烧的剧烈程度,且低负荷取较小预喷间隔、高负荷取较大预喷间隔效果较优;采用预喷射后NOx排放均有所降低,大部分预喷射条件下PM排放有所增加,各负荷均存在着较佳预喷射方案,可以同时改善NOx及PM排放。

关键词：柴油机；生物柴油；预喷射；燃烧；排放

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The self-balanced two-wheel Cars are often devised in various competitions,and are involved in this direction in many large games.Based on the Freescal Semiconductor XS128 series single-chip microcomputer as the core controller,with the gyroscope and angle sensor to achieve two-wheel Car self balance,the self-balanced two-wheel structure,the balance principle and the control algorithm are introduced emphatically,and the self-balanced two-wheel car is finally completed through repeated testing.

关键词：两轮自平衡车;XS128;控制算法;单片机

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采用试验和有限元计算的方法研究了气缸套径向失圆变形,测量了机体上环带和缸套内孔的初始变形,建立了机体、缸盖、气缸垫、气缸套和螺栓等有限元模型,用仿真软件计算了施加螺栓预紧力后缸套和机体所承受的载荷分布,用Matlab软件绘制了实测和软件仿真得出的缸套内表面变形的三维云图,研究了机体初始变形对气缸套径向变形计算的影响。结果表明:机体上环带初始变形对气缸套失圆影响显著,有限元建模时必须考虑机体上环带初始变形。

关键词：气缸套；机体；初始变形；失圆；仿真

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针对甲醇汽化潜热大,蒸发困难,纯甲醇发动机冷起动困难的问题,开发了一套甲醇加热器来改善甲醇汽化问题。通过PTC热敏电阻加热片给蒸发器提供热量,使蒸发器温度升高。为防止初始加热电流过大,加热用的16个热敏电阻被分成4组,依次间隔30s通电加热。冷起动时控制PTC对甲醇蒸发器加热,当蒸发器内温度达到一定值后起动发动机。试验结果表明,环境温度1℃时,加热器加热到80℃以上即可实现甲醇机的顺利起动。

关键词：甲醇发动机；冷起动；甲醇蒸发器

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针对双燃烧模式柴油机在CI-HCCI燃烧模式切换过程平均指示压力(pi)较大波动的问题,开展了改善CI-HCCI燃烧模式切换过程pi平顺性的试验研究。试验通过单段喷射和两段喷射两种燃油补偿方式对过渡循环进行燃油补偿,研究不同燃油补偿系数对改善切换过程pi平顺性的影响,确定两种燃油补偿模式下的最优燃油补偿系数,并对两种燃油补偿模式下的最优方案进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,单段喷射和两段喷射燃油补偿方式的最优燃油补偿系数相近,两段喷射燃油补偿模式对切换过程pi平顺性的改善效果要优于单段喷射燃油补偿模式,当燃油补偿系数均为1.05时,两段喷射燃油补偿模式pi循环变动率为3.1%,较直接切换和单段喷射燃油补偿模式分别降低了约70%和46%。

关键词：均质压燃；燃烧模式切换；两段喷射；燃油补偿；平均指示压力

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Alternative fuels have the potential to provide significant economic and environmental benefits to airports and their communities. These fuels can lead to improvements in local air quality emissions and reductions in life-cycle greenhouse gases. In addition, alternative fuels offer the possibility to diversify away from imported conventional petroleum-derived fuels and enhance energy security. Furthermore, alternative fuel distribution programs offer airports additional business opportunities to generate revenue through the operation of such facilities or leasing of land to third-party operators. Airports are natural nodes for multi-modal demand and are ideally situated to become distribution centers for a variety of alternative fuels for aircraft and surface transportation. Producers and marketers of alternative fuels can take advantage of this concentrated demand to strengthen their business case as they can cater to a wide spectrum of potential clients, including airlines, airports, and third-party operators such as rental car facilities, courtesy shuttles, taxis, buses, freight trucks, and other fleets that may operate nearby. This is especially the case for facilities that produce alternative jet fuel because, in addition to jet fuel, they also produce co-products such as green diesel, which can be used by some passenger and most cargo vehicles.

关键词：燃料;选择;空气质量;飞机;企业;柴油燃料;经济分析;排放

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