During 3-d year, we completed comparing blast load characteristics producing mild through severe TBI of composite, accompanied with head acceleration with primary blast-peak overpressure exposure w/o significant head acceleration. Improved prototype (final version) of cumulative blast sensor and signal conditioning circuit has been produced and tested at Banyan Biomarkers November/December, 2013 and January/February 2013. We were capable of capturing at least 3 consecutive blasts and integrate a cumulative load. Also, we continued to fully characterize brain injury and biomarkers after repeated primary blast exposure. Rats were subjected to a primary blast of 50-53 psi overpressure and total duration of 75 sec : 3 exposures, with a 45 min to 1 hr recovery at the frontal part of the rat s skull. Portable cumulative blast sensors were placed on the head front and rat spine. We measured blood accumulation of our golden standard GFAP, neuronal UCH-L1 and CNPase, and NSE. To complete a panel, we investigated neuroendocrine peptide Orexin A, Neuropilin-2 and inflammatory sICAM and metalloproteinases. Multiple blasts augmented increased GFAP, UCH-L1, NSE and NRP-2, but not Orexin A, while at 7 days the cumulative effects of multiple blasts were much lower, if any. On the other hand, serum CNPase and sICAM after multiple blasts was significantly augmented vs. single blast both at 1 day and 7 days post exposure. Finally, we found and characterized new signatures of blast injuries: thrombin activity measured by calibrated activated thrombography (CAT), linked to microcirculation disorders following blast exposures.

关键词：创伤性脑损伤；积累；爆炸荷载

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During long-duration missions at the International Space Station, astronauts experience weightlessness leading to skeletal unloading. Unloading causes a lack of a mechanical stimulus that triggers bone cellular units to remove mass from the skeleton. A mathematical system of the cellular dynamics predicts theoretical changes to volume fractions and ash fraction in response to temporal variations in skeletal loading. No current model uses image technology to gather information about a skeletal site s initial properties to calculate bone remodeling changes and then to compare predicted bone strengths with the initial strength. The goal of this study is to use quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in conjunction with a computational model of the bone remodeling process to establish initial bone properties to predict changes in bone mechanics during bone loss and recovery with finite element (FE) modeling. Input parameters for the remodeling model include bone volume fraction and ash fraction, which are both computed from the QCT images. A non-destructive approach to measure ash fraction is also derived. Voxel-based finite element models (FEM) created from QCTs provide initial evaluation of bone strength. Bone volume fraction and ash fraction outputs from the computational model predict changes to the elastic modulus of bone via a two-parameter equation. The modulus captures the effect of bone remodeling and functions as the key to evaluate of changes in strength. Application of this time-dependent modulus to FEMs and composite beam theory enables an assessment of bone mechanics during recovery. Prediction of bone strength is not only important for astronauts, but is also pertinent to millions of patients with osteoporosis and low bone density.

关键词：骨矿含量；骨质脱钙；肌肉骨骼系统

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This report presents person-based nationally representative estimates on prescription sleep aid use in the past 30 days, describes sociodemographic differences in use, and examines sleep aid use by selfreported sleep duration and insomnia.

关键词：处方药；睡眠剥夺；成人；镇静剂

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The post-genomic era is producing an enormous volume of data. Efficient applications and protocols are necessary in Bioinformatics to deal with this information. One of the most-challenging goals is the integration of knowledge extracted from different biological databases. Emerging ontologies in Molecular biology are very promising tools to provide sequence annotation standards that can be shared among genome annotation projects. The Gene Ontology (GO) is the most popular vocabulary to assign biological functions to genes, accordingly to evidence obtained from literature or computationally inferred. GO characterization of gene products is now an essential step of each genome annotation pipeline. Genome curators can use, in addition, auxiliar ontologies to describe biological sequences and alignments. The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) consortium, a joint effort of bioinformatics and biomedical communities, has recently defined a common framework to standardize the ontologies developed in different fields. This chapter provides a comprehensive description of GO and other similar ontologies to annotate genome products.

关键词：后基因组时代；元数据；生物信息学；生物医学

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Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are routinely prescribed for acute stress disorder and early PTSD and recommended in the VA-DoD best practice guidelines, the efficacy of SSRIs as an early intervention for PTSD in service members returning from war-zone duty has still not been determined. Consequently, this study was designed to conduct a controlled trial of fluoxetine as an early intervention for recently redeployed soldiers, as well as to develop methodologies for understanding the multiple factors that may predict outcome. The study was conducted at two sites: Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center and Central Texas Veterans Health Care System. Despite recruitment efforts, only 42 participants were enrolled. Of these, 18 were randomized. The limited enrollment obscures interpretation of the results. No unexpected side effects were observed. Our data does not support or refute the use of SSRIs for treatment of PTSD.

关键词：医疗服务；创伤后应激障碍；响应（生物学）

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Food- and waterborne zoonoses are receiving increasing attention as components of disease emergence and resurgence (Slifko and others, 2000; Tauxe, 2002; Cotrovo and others, 2004). Trichinosis is transmitted to humans via consumption of contaminated food, and the role of wildlife in this transmission process is becoming more clearly known and is outlined in this report. This zoonotic disease causes problems in wildlife species across the globe and is a major cause of concern for human health worldwide. Trichinosis is widely distributed, extending from the Arctic to the Tropics and even to oceanic islands.

关键词：传染病；食品污染；病原体；人类健康

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An estimated 2 million people in the United States are dependent upon or abuse opioids, including heroin and prescription opioids such as oxycodone and hydrocodone. Withdrawal from these drugs is generally so intense that those who are dependent upon them continue taking the drugs in increasing dosages to avoid withdrawal or to maintain the high produced by the drugs. Withdrawal symptoms may begin within 6 hours after the last heroin usage and may last for up to several months. An effective treatment for opioid dependence and addiction includes medication-assisted therapy with the opioid medications methadone or buprenorphine, the only two opioids federally approved for the treatment of these conditions. Methadone relieves cravings, blocks the euphoric effects associated with heroin and other opioids, and prevents withdrawal. Buprenorphine aids in treatment by preventing symptoms of withdrawal.

关键词：药物；美沙酮；阿片类治疗；滥用药物

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It is very important to obtain an ideal basic shape with optimal aerody namic characteristics in the auto-body styling design based on the whole shape optimization.Through obtaining the solutions for conflict problem in the auto-body styling aerodynamic design cooperating extension engineering, a variable cross-section method based on aero dynamic theoretical model to obtain ideal basic shape for car body is proposed.A theory model based on aerodynamics is developed.In addition, a generation method for a series of ideal basic bodies with favorable aerodynamic characteristics is developed, which enables the generation of these basic bodies by a variable cross-section method.This method is finally realized and it is shown in the evaluation that it is a new way for the auto-body styling design based on whole shape optimization.

关键词：汽车；车身形状；截面

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The VA Office of Inspector General (OIG) Office of Healthcare Inspections conducted an inspection to evaluate the circumstances surrounding the reported inappropriate use of insulin pens at the VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York (the facility). We conducted the inspection at the requests of the Chairmen and Ranking Members of the House Committee on Veterans Affairs and the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, Senator Charles Schumer, and Congressmen Brian Higgins and Chris Collins. This report addresses questions raised by Members of Congress regarding the specific circumstances at the facility. The OIG will issue a separate report addressing broader questions pertaining to insulin pen use at other facilities, as well as Veterans Health Administration (VHA) oversight and follow-up. In late October 2012, the facility Chief of Pharmacy discovered three insulin pens designed for single-patient use onlywith no patient labels in a supply drawer of a medication cart. Facility officials subsequently found three more pens without patient labels in medication carts on three other inpatient units, and, when queried, several nurses reportedly acknowledged using the pens on multiple patients. Inappropriately using single-patient use insulin pens on multiple patients may potentially expose patients to bloodborne pathogens.

关键词：胰岛素笔；医疗保健机构；医药

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关键词：汽车；管理维护；交通成本

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