关键词：机械；催化；核电

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The aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) are demonstrated to serve as active photothermal media, to enhance and control local photothermal energy deposition via the photothermal effect activated by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and amplified by Al NPs oxidation. The activation source is a 2-AA-battery-powered xenon flash lamp. The extent of the photothermally activated movement of Al NPs can be approx. 6 mm. Ignition delay can be approx. 0.1 ms. Both scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements of motion-only and after-ignition products confirm significant Al oxidation occurs through sintering and bursting after the flash exposure. Simulations suggest local heat generation is enhanced by LSPR. The positive- feedback effects from the local heat generation amplified by Al oxidation produce a large increase in local temperature and pressure, which enhances movement and accelerates ignition.

关键词：电池能源；光热光谱分析；等离子体

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A Forward Operating Base (FOB) is designed to support combat operations in an austere environment, which often lacks pre-existing infrastructure. On-site diesel generators are the primary source of FOB electricity. Traditionally, each generator is connected to its own set of loads and operates independently from other generators. The benefits of transitioning from traditional generator employment to an alternative architecture using an Energy Management System (EMS) were investigated in this thesis. The EMS provides an interface between power sources, loads, and energy storage elements to form a microgrid. Using power electronics and programmable logic, the EMS provides capabilities such as power source selection, power metering, flow control, and peak power management. These capabilities enable more efficient generator utilization by matching real-time load demand to the smallest capable power source, reducing overall fuel consumption. The EMS offers redundancy as it can connect any one of multiple power sources to critical loads. A hardware- based laboratory experiment demonstrated the ability to transition from one power source to another while providing uninterrupted current to the load. The results of the experiment validate a Simulink model of the EMS. An example load profile was applied to the model to compare overall fuel consumption between the traditional architecture and the EMS-enabled microgrid.

关键词：柴油燃料；发电机；能源管理

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Many sources of fuel are present aboard current spacecraft, with one especially hazardous source of stored energy: lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries are a very hazardous form of fuel due to their self-sustaining combustion once ignited, for example, by an external heat source. Batteries can become extremely energetic fire sources due to their high density electrochemical energy content that may, under duress, be violently converted to thermal energy and fire in the form of a thermal runaway. Currently, lithium ion batteries are the preferred types of batteries aboard international spacecraft and therefore are routinely installed, collectively forming a potentially devastating fire threat to a spacecraft and its crew. Currently NASA is developing a fine water mist portable fire extinguisher for future use on international spacecraft. As its development ensues, a need for the standard evaluation of various types of fire extinguishers against this potential threat is required to provide an unbiased means of comparing between fire extinguisher technologies and ranking them based on performance.

关键词：锂离子电池；能量存储；手提灭火器

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Our main project objective was to implement Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) and charging infrastructure into our electric distribution service territory and help reduce barriers in the process. Our research demonstrated the desire for some to be early adopters of electric vehicles and the effects lack of education plays on others. The response of early adopters was tremendous: with the initial launch of our program we had nearly 60 residential customers interested in taking part in our program. However, our program only allowed for 15 residential participants. Our program provided assistance towards purchasing a PEV and installation of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The residential participants have all come to love their PEVs and are more than enthusiastic about promoting the many benefits of driving electric.

关键词：混合动力；电动汽车；电池充电；推进系统

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In this report we explore claims that phase conjugation of high energy lasers by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can compensate optical aberrations associated with severely distorted laser amplifier media and aberrations induced by the atmosphere. The SBS media tested was a gas cell pressurized up to 300 psi with SF6 or Xe or both. The laser was a 10 Hz, 3J, Q-switched Nd:YAG with 25 ns wide pulses. Atmospheric aberrations were created with space heaters, helium jets and phase plates designed with a Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum characterized by a Fried parameter, ro, ranging from 0.6 6.0 mm. Phase conjugate tests in the laboratory were conducted without amplification. For the strongest aberrations, D/ro approx. 20, created by combining the space heaters with the phase plate, the Strehl ratio was degraded by a factor of approx. 50. Phase conjugation in SF6 restored the peak focusable intensity to about 30% of the original laser. Phase conjugate tests at the outdoor laser range were conducted with laser amplifiers providing gain in combination with the SBS cell. A large 600,000 BTU kerosene space heater was used to create turbulence along the beam path. An atmospheric structure factor of Cn2 = 5x10-13 m2/3 caused the illumination beam to expand to a diameter 250mm and overfill the receiver. The phase conjugate amplified return could successfully be targeted back onto glints 5mm in diameter. Use of a lenslet arrays to lower the peak focusable intensity in the SBS cell failed to produce a useful phase conjugate beam; The Strehl ratio was degraded with multiple random lobes instead of a single focus. I will review literature results which show how multiple beams can be coherently combined by SBS when a confocal reflecting geometry is used to focus the laser in the SBS cell.

关键词：激光；畸变；放大器；光散射

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A pre-irradiation grafting method is a fascinating technique for direct introduction of new functional graft polymers (grafts) into polymer substrates without any damages. The radiation technique has been widely applied to the preparation of high performance fuel cell polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for mobile electricities, vehicles, and domestic co-generation systems. The PEMs of aromatic hydrocarbon polymers, so-called "super engineering plastics" including poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK), have useful characteristics such as high mechanical strength, gas barrier property, and radiation resistance. Thus, in this work, we investigated the humidity dependence of proton conductivity and mechanical strength at 80 ℃ and relative humidity (RH) from 30 to 95%, which are the most important characteristics for power generation efficiency and durability under real operating conditions in fuel cell systems.

关键词：燃料电池；电解质材料；聚合物

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The work during this period brought our efforts to realize a 64-kbit hybrid Josephson-CMOS memory for 4K operation to a successful conclusion. The memory inputs and outputs are at the several-millivolt level. The inputs are first amplified to 60 mV using Suzuki stacks; these signals drive CMOS comparators, the outputs of which are at volt level, as required by the commercially manufactured 65 nm CMOS memory array. Final designs were fabricated and tested. The access time is less than 400 ps and the read power dissipation is less than 10 mW. A side project was performed to evaluate the concept for a novel wholly Josephson memory proposed by a Japanese memory expert. We found that the proposed memory cell has inadequate design margins. We realized the other goal of the project, which was to analyze the factors limiting Josephson memories. Presentations for the Applied Superconductivity Conference (ASC) in October 2012 were prepared and presented. Publications resulted. We also brought together an international group of 30 cryogenic memory researchers in a post-ASC workshop at UC Berkeley for more discussions. And presentations were made at the Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC) in July 2013.

关键词：电路；互补型金属氧化物半导体；低温

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The Hydrogen Safety Panel brings a broad cross-section of expertise from the industrial, government, and academic sectors to help advise the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office through its work in hydrogen safety, codes, and standards. The Panels initiatives in reviewing safety plans, conducting safety evaluations, identifying safety-related technical data gaps, and supporting safety knowledge tools and databases cover the gamut from research and development to demonstration and deployment. The Panels recent work has focused on the safe deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell systems in support of DOE efforts to accelerate fuel cell commercialization in early market applications: vehicle refueling, material handling equipment, backup power for warehouses and telecommunication sites, and portable power devices. This paper resulted from observations and considerations stemming from the Panels work on early market applications. This paper focuses on hydrogen system components that are installed in outdoor enclosures. These enclosures might alternatively be called cabinets, but for simplicity, they are all referred to as enclosures in this paper. These enclosures can provide a space where a flammable mixture of hydrogen and air might accumulate, creating the potential for a fire or explosion should an ignition occur. If the enclosure is large enough for a person to enter, and ventilation is inadequate, the hydrogen concentration could be high enough to asphyxiate a person who entered the space. Manufacturers, users, and government authorities rely on requirements described in codes to guide safe design and installation of such systems. Except for small enclosures used for hydrogen gas cylinders (gas cabinets), fuel cell power systems, and the enclosures that most people would describe as buildings, there are no hydrogen safety requirements for these enclosures, leaving gaps that must be addressed.

关键词：氢；安全；横截面；部署；电子器件

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Petroleum-based liquid hydrocarbons is exclusively major energy source in the transportation sector. Thus, it is the major CO(sub 2) source which is the associated with greenhouse effect. In the United States alone, petroleum consumption in the transportation sector approaches 13.8 million barrels per day (Mbbl/d). It is corresponding to a release of 0.53 gigatons of carbon per year (GtC/yr), which accounts for approximate 7.6 % of the current global release of CO(sub 2) from all of the fossil fuel usage (7 GtC/yr). For the long term, the conventional petroleum production is predicted to peak in as little as the next 10 years to as high as the next 50 years. Negative environmental consequences, the frequently roaring petroleum prices, increasing petroleum utilization and concerns about competitive supplies of petroleum have driven dramatic interest in producing alternative transportation fuels, such as electricity-based, hydrogen-based and bio-based transportation alternative fuels. Use of either of electricity-based or hydrogen-based alternative energy in the transportation sector is currently laden with technical and economical challenges. The current energy density of commercial batteries is 175 Wh/kg of battery. At a storage pressure of 680 atm, the lower heating value (LHV) of H(sub 2) is 1.32 kWh/liter.

关键词：电池；温室效应；碳氢化合物；可再生能源

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