如何理解当前生猪行业的“囚徒困境”？囚徒困境是非零和博弈中具 代表性的例子，理论反映个人的理性行为有时候可能导致群体的非理 性。在生猪行业的博弈中，每个养殖户都追求自身利益最大化，而不论 对手方是否减少产能，为赚取更多的养殖利润以及占据更大的市场份 额，养殖户的最优策略始终是不减少产能。当所有参与方都选择不减少 产能，博弈均衡状态就是行业整体产能难以去化，即当前行业困局。事 实上，每个养殖户本可以在竞争过程中通过去产能实现盈利，但实际情 况是为了不丢失市场份额，即使行业内所有人持续亏损，产能去化依旧 缓慢，导致每个参与方陷入“囚徒困境”的困局当中。

The Australian Government has direct management responsibility for a significant proportion of Australia’s fisheries resources. The 22 fisheries managed by the Australian Government accounted for 38% of the total volume and 27% of the total value of Australia’s wild-catch fisheries production in 2020–21. Legislation requires the Australian Government to manage these fisheries so as to maintain fish stocks at ecologically sustainable levels and, within this context, maximise the net economic returns (NER) to the Australian community (Fisheries Management Act 1991 – FM Act). In its management of fish stocks and fisheries, the Australian Government is also required to consider the impact of fishing activities on non-target species and the long-term sustainability of the marine environment (FM Act; Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 – EPBC Act).

In order to make farming smart and precise, agronomists introduced advanced technologies to agriculture practices as they became aware that crops responded differently to various inputs and agricultural practices. According to the exhibit, more than 50% of large farms use some form of precision agriculture hardware, while nearly a quarter of small farms use this technology or intend to use it over the next two years. The introduction of agriculture technologies into farming allowed growers to utilize the opportunity of growing higher yields. Agriculture technologies are being used for activities such as soil testing, crop scouting, yield monitoring, and field georeferencing. Many farmers, especially those in developing regions like Asia and Africa, cannot afford these technologies. In order to overcome this restraint in the agriculture technology ecosystem, agriculture technology-as-a-service was introduced, a business model in which these technologies are offered as a service. Being offered as a service reduces the upfront costs and capital investment required to procure these agriculture technologies, leading to higher adoption. For instance, John Deere is a leading farm equipment and technology company that offers its advanced farm management system as a service to farmers in the form of a subscription. Within this business model, different companies offer agriculture technologies as services under different pricing models. This provides farmers with the ability to select the pricing model that best fits their budget, thus allowing them to access the latest technology without having to invest a large sum of money upfront. A few of the key pricing models deployed in the industry are discussed in the following segments.