Catalytic converters (CATCONs) are required by Federal law to be installed in nearly all gasoline- and diesel-fueled onroad vehicles used in the United States. About 85 percent of the light-duty vehicles and trucks manufactured worldwide are equipped with CATCONs (Ashok Kumar, Director, A1 Specialized Services & Supplies, Inc., written commun. July 10, 2012). These vehicles include buses, cars, light- and heavy-duty trucks, and motorcycles. Many offroad vehicles, such as trail bikes and all-terrain recreational vehicles, are also equipped with CATCONs, but offroad vehicles are not addressed in this paper (Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2008). Portions of the CATCONs (called monoliths) are recycled for their platinum-group metal (PGM) content and for the value of the stainless steel they contain. The cerium contained in the monoliths, however, is disposed of along with the slag produced from the recycling process. Although there is some smelter capacity in the United States to treat the monoliths in order to recover the PGMs, a great percentage of monoliths is exported to Europe and South Africa for recycling, and a lesser amount is exported to Japan. There is presently no commercial-scale capacity in place domestically to recover cerium from the monoliths. Recycling of cerium or cerium compounds from the monoliths could help ensure against possible global supply shortages by increasing the amount that is available in the supply chain as well as the number and geographic distribution of the suppliers. It could also reduce the amount of material that goes into landfills.

关键词：汽车；催化转换器；铈元素

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Understanding the diverse PHEV purchase behaviors among prospective new car buyers is key for designing efficient and effective policies for promoting new energy vehicle technologies. The ORNL MA3T model developed for the U.S. Department of Energy is described and used to project PHEV purchase probabilities by different consumers. MA3T disaggregates the U.S. household vehicle market into 1458 consumer segments based on region, residential area, driver type, technology attitude, home charging availability and work charging availability and is calibrated to the EIA's Annual Energy Outlook. Simulation results from MA3T are used to identify the more likely PHEV buyers and provide explanations. It is observed that consumers who have home charging, drive more frequently and live in urban area are more likely to buy a PHEV. Early adopters are projected to be more likely PHEV buyers in the early market, but the PHEV purchase probability by the late majority consumer can increase over time when PHEV gradually becomes a familiar product.

关键词：汽车；插电式混合动力；市场分析

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The Hybrid III dummy is a common standard test device for automotive car crash and mine blast (shock) events, which is validated and accepted by the crash test community. The Hybrid III 50th percentile male Anthropomorphic Test Device is also required by STANAG 4569 for injury assessment for mine detonation tests. The Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) 50th percentile male advanced crash dummy is a next generation anthropomorphic test device that incorporates significantly improved biofidelity in all major parts and has expanded injury assessment capabilities beyond its predecessors, including the Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device. Comparative evaluation of THOR versus Hybrid III dummies will bring additional insight and understanding of THOR injury prediction capabilities and biofidelity, specifically for vertical shock and mine blast events.

关键词：汽车；冲击；对比分析

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The risk of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) associated with on-the-job operation of motor vehicles or exposure to road traffic hazards affects millions of workers in the United States, and this risk cuts across all industries and occupations. MVCs are consistently the leading cause of worker fatalities, affecting workers who drive all types of motor vehicles during their work day . passenger cars, heavy trucks, fire apparatus, and many others. A wide variety of interventions may be applied to prevent work-related MVCs: administrative controls such as seat belt policies, distracted-driving policies, pre-trip vehicle checks, driver training, reduced travel, and fatigue management; and engineering controls such as more crashworthy vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems, or active safety systems. Questions remain as to which are the most effective interventions to protect workers from risks of work-related MVCs. Through strategic planning, research, collaborations with stakeholders, and communication of research results and prevention, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is working to ensure that recommended solutions to prevent work-related MVCs and resulting injuries are based on sound research and are clearly communicated to employers and workers. The NIOSH Center for Motor Vehicle Safety (CMVS) is the focal point for activities within the Institute that address this pressing occupational safety problem. The CMVS was designated in December 2010 to strengthen and sustain the Institute's research and prevention activities to reduce work-related motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. It is a 'virtual' Center through which researchers from across the Institute and external partners from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, labor, and industry bring complementary expertise to identify crash risk factors, develop and evaluate workplace interventions to prevent crashes, and communicate the results to employers and other stakeholders. The NIOSH CMVS is guided by the vision that: All workers who are exposed to hazards of motor vehicle traffic while working have the highest possible levels of protection from the risk of motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. The primary purpose of the 5-year strategic plan for the NIOSH CMVS is to define the priority areas for research and prevention initiatives through 2018.

关键词：事故预防；环境暴露；风险；通信

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The crane market in Japan grew by 22.8% year-on-year in 2014, driven by an increase in demand for infrastructure construction. In December 2014, the government allocated $14 billion for the reconstruction of infrastructure damaged during the tsunami and earthquake in 2011. This increase in construction activities is expected to increase the total construction output share of Japan's GDP from 9.68% in 2014 to 9.99% in 2019. Further, due to the upcoming Tokyo Olympics in 2020, the country will be improving its existing infrastructure and developing new infrastructure, which will lead to the growth of the crane market. We estimate that the market will grow at a CAGR of 23.06% during the forecast period.

关键词：起重机；日本市场；基础设施建设；需求

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Present day consumers have wide variety of demands and needs leads to increased complexity in automobiles. The price war and high quality, imposes the automobile manufacturers to have flexible design with zero defects in a highly competitive market. Unlike other industry, the quality of automobile depends on parts (manufactured and supplied by third party supplier) used and on the assembling the vehicle. To achieve the high quality that is demanded by the customers, manufacturers and their suppliers must rely on Machine Vision to prevent defects at multiple stages of production. Machine Vision can be used to inspect the quality of automobile parts, pick and place using robots, assembly line (inspection before, after and placement verification), to find missing parts, completeness, welding and painting guiding on finished automotive bodies. In addition to this, Machine Vision is also used for parts traceability decoded by reading OCR, data matrix and barcode. Different automobiles can have different quality of parts depending on price range. Machine Vision can also be used to classify automotive parts based on the required quality using measurements. This publication explains the basics of machine vision and explore the solutions that can be used in automobile industry at different stages of production.

关键词：汽车；可视化；汽车工业

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In this article a multilayer parking system of size n=3 is studied. We prove that the asymptotic limit of the particle density in the center approaches a maximum of 1/2 in higher layers. This means a significant increase of capacity compared to the first layer where this value is 1/3. This is remarkable because the process is solely driven by randomness. We conjecture that this result applies to all finite parking systems with n≥2.

关键词：汽车；停车系统；小型系统

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With the development of automobile technology, it becomes possible to estimate fuel consumption by using the driving parameters from the electronic control unit (ECU) and output the calculation results via the controller area network (CAN) bus. As a result, it is feasible to design an approach for estimating fuel consumption by integrating vehicle-specific power (VSP) and CAN bus technology because of the accessibility and stability of the CAN bus. To determine whether the CAN-based measured data can be used to build the relationship between VSP and fuel consumption to replace the traditional fuel consumption meter, a comparison of fuel consumption data collected from the ECU and the fuel consumption meter is conducted in this study. Results show that the relationship between the fuel consumption rate and VSP bin built by the CAN bus data is consistent with the relationship derived from the fuel consumption meter; this finding indicates that the CAN bus technology can be used to describe the relationship between vehicle activities and fuel consumption rates for light-duty vehicles. In addition, a comparison of CAN-based measured data with VSP-based predicted data shows that the prediction approach that integrates VSP and CAN bus technology needs an aggregation level of 60 s or longer, which thus can be used to estimate a long period of fuel consumption accumulation and a fuel consumption factor for various travel speeds and road types.    

关键词：汽车；燃料消耗；电源动力

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Biodiesel as a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils has better lubricating properties and much higher cetane ratings than today's lower sulfur diesel fuels.It is considered as an attractive alternative to replace diesel fuels.In order to investigate application ofbiodiesel on vehicle diesel engines,the power and fuel economies performances of a diesel fueled soybean biodiesel with different blending ratios were tested under different engine loads and speeds.Experimental results show that,compared with diesel fuel,with increase in the biodiesel in the blends,the brake power and torque,and the brake specific energy consumption increase but the fuel consumption per hour and brake specific fuel consumption decrease.

关键词：汽车；柴油机；性能

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Compressed natural gas (CNG) automobile is an emerging new energy car.How to control gas injection is the key technology of CNG electronic control system.At present,the control based on the MAP graph is used usually,but this control method has some shortages,for example larger data,poor adaptive capacity and difficulties in data updating.BP neural network control has adaptive and self-learning,nonlinear processing ability and high generalization,and faults tolerant ability in processing information.In this paper,BP neural network is used to control natural gas injection in order to solve the shortage of the MAP picture control.Simulation experiment shows thefeasibility and advantage of this method.

关键词：汽车；CNG汽车；注气控制

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