Medical records include clinical, office, consultation, and evaluation notes; laboratory, X-ray, operation, patient progress, physical, and pathology reports; and discharge records. The conversion of these data, received through dictation by tape, digital system, or voice files from physicians, into text format is called medical transcription. A professional involved in the process of conversion is called a medical transcriptionist. These processed data are used as documents or records for further reference, presurgical exams, liability insurance, and disability claims. Medical transcription requires a high degree of training, proficiency in English, and a deep knowledge of medical terminologies. Medical transcription is cost-effective and reduces physicians' time and the duration of the documentation process.

关键词：医疗记录；实验室；X射线；操作；系统；语音文件；转换；文本格式

查看摘要 索取原文[46页]

MPS is a service offered by a third-party provider to optimize and manage an organization's document environment. MPS manages an organization's objectives such as reducing cost, improving the prolific imaging and printing environment, and improving efficiency and productivity. It involves monitoring, regulating, and improving the printing sub-structure of an organization. Under an MPS structure, the service provider has to take primary responsibility for fulfilling the end-user printing needs, which include printing equipment, supplies, service, and the management of the printer fleet. The provider needs to track the usage of the printer fleet and the problems occurring with it. Also, the provider needs to analyze the business data that have been gathered in managing the printer usage.

关键词：MPS；服务优化；管理组织；文档环境；多产成像；打印环境；提高效率

查看摘要 索取原文[65页]

A military flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flight and various aspects of the flight environment. Flight simulators are categorized into two types: FFS and FSTD. An FFS is a replica of a specific type or model and series of an aircraft cockpit, whereas an FSTD is a replica of flight controls and devices. There are four levels of FFS, i.e., levels A-D, with level D being the highest standard and providing acceleration in all six DOF. A flight simulator covers simulation in three areas, i.e., aircraft, environment, and cueing simulation.

关键词：军方飞行模拟器；人为；重新创建飞机；FFS；FSTD

查看摘要 索取原文[67页]

The global industrial automation services market can be broadly categorized into consulting services, project engineering and installation, maintenance and support, and operational services.

关键词：工业自动化；服务市场；咨询服务；项目工程；安装；维护和支持；运营服务

查看摘要 索取原文[80页]

The post-genomic era is producing an enormous volume of data. Efficient applications and protocols are necessary in Bioinformatics to deal with this information. One of the most-challenging goals is the integration of knowledge extracted from different biological databases. Emerging ontologies in Molecular biology are very promising tools to provide sequence annotation standards that can be shared among genome annotation projects. The Gene Ontology (GO) is the most popular vocabulary to assign biological functions to genes, accordingly to evidence obtained from literature or computationally inferred. GO characterization of gene products is now an essential step of each genome annotation pipeline. Genome curators can use, in addition, auxiliar ontologies to describe biological sequences and alignments. The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) consortium, a joint effort of bioinformatics and biomedical communities, has recently defined a common framework to standardize the ontologies developed in different fields. This chapter provides a comprehensive description of GO and other similar ontologies to annotate genome products.

关键词：后基因组时代；元数据；生物信息学；生物医学

查看摘要 索取原文[18页]

The application of nanotechnology in the field of biology has given rise to a host of innovations ranging from diagnostics, biomedical sensors, targeted drug delivery systems, to the creation of integrated chips with scalable memory. Recently, increased investments in basic nanotechnology research and demand for improved convergence based product development, have led to the organization of national innovation ecosystems such as the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the United States, National Nanotechnology Initiative and associated National Nanotechnology Centre in Malaysia and the Australia Nanotechnology Network in Australia to name a few. While academic laboratories and spin-offs have served as epicenters of nanobiotechnology commercialization across these countries, the extent of commercialization of products across developed and emerging economies is largely driven by the maturity of innovation networks and knowledge flows surrounding the nanobiotechnology initiatives. In the wake of the global market challenges of the biopharmaceuticals, successful deployment of nanobiotechnology innovations in regional economies will depend on inclusive and adaptable innovation models that can be replicated globally. To that end, this commentary discusses the design of a hybrid innovation ecosystem that captures nanotechnology policy, stakeholders, and knowledge to facilitate accelerated nanobiotechnology commercialization. Examples of innovation ecosystems in the US, Malaysia and Australia are used to demonstrate the emergence of this hybrid model where research and human capacity development including knowledge dissemination between the participating stakeholders, are the overarching goals of the designed ecosystems. Objective of Commentary: In the context of the limitations of existing innovation models as static entities that have failed to accelerate innovation and commercialization of nanotechnology innovations in medicine, an adaptable hybrid ecosystem or AHE for effective commercialization of nanomedicine and emerging technologies is proposed . The adaptable hybrid ecosystem builds upon the concepts of National Systems of Innovation, Triple Helix Model and strategic arenas-a broad area of focus that engages contributions from multidisciplinary areas. The multistakeholder participatory approach of the AHE model is suggestive of a dynamic asset pool comprising customers, industries, universities and international governments that enable technology commercialization in emerging areas such as nanomedicine and nanotechnology by the influence of fundamental paradigm shifts discussed in this paper.

关键词：纳米生物技术；融合创新；三重螺旋模型；生物医学

查看摘要 索取原文[25页]

Green technologies have been around since the first public health projects were set up in cities to provide people with clean drinking water. To date, a new generation of green technologies is expected to arrive, as pressures on resources grow and investors see healthy profit in a wide range of innovative products. Moreover, in an attempt to alleviate fossil fuel usage and CO_2 emissions, fuels, heat or electricity must be produced from biological sources in a way that is economic (and therefore efficient at a local scale), energetically (and greenhouse gas) efficient, environmentally friendly and not competitive with food production. Aims to advance the development of clean technologies using nanotechnology, to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products in general, to apply nano to solve legacy environmental problems, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new nanoproducts, bionanotechnology, a new crosscutting technology platform, will build an environmentally sustainable society in the 21st century. Therefore, aim to provide vital information about the growing field of nanomaterials formed by green nanotechnology for bioapplication to minimize the potential human health and environmental risk, the technologies included author's own research (such as nanoparticles/NPs, carbon nanotubes/CNTs, and membranes) based on bionanotechnology for the friendly environment are reviewed. Furthermore, the current development and future prospects related to the significantly feasible world's eco-bionanotechnology for the foreseeable future are also pointed out.

关键词：色纳米技术；生物纳米技术；人类健康；生态环境

查看摘要 索取原文[69页]

Text is a very important type of data within the biomedical domain. For example, patient records contain large amounts of text which has been entered in a non-standardized format, consequently posing a lot of challenges to processing of such data. For the clinical doctor the written text in the medical findings is still the basis for decision making -neither images nor multimedia data. However, the steadily increasing volumes of unstructured information need machine learning approaches for data mining, i.e. text mining. This paper provides a short, concise overview of some selected text mining methods, focusing on statistical methods, i.e. Latent Semantic Analysis, Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Hierarchical Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Principal Component Analysis, and Support Vector Machines, along with some examples from the biomedical domain. Finally, we provide some open problems and future challenges, particularly from the clinical domain, that we expect to stimulate future research.

关键词：文本挖掘；自然语言处理；非结构化信息；生物医学

查看摘要 索取原文[30页]

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one of the materials of great interest for presenting a unique combination of relevant properties such as high surface area, magnetic behavior and low toxicity, which can find potential use in different processes and applications in areas as catalysis (Lu et al., 2007), data storage (Frey et al., 2009), water treatment (Meng et al., 2011), drug delivery system (Anirudhan et al., 2013b), DNA separation (Chiang et al., 2005), tissue engineering (Ito and Honda, 2007), sensors (Baby and Ramaprabhu, 2010), hyperthermia (Alphandery et al., 2012), ferrofluids (Hee Kim et al., 2005), and as contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging (Choi et al., 2004). Modification of the particle surface induces changes in some properties such as high magnetization values and stable water dispersion and recent advances in nanotechnology have improved the range of use of MNPs in diagnosis and therapy. Among the biological uses of MNPs, we can highlight the biomedical imaging and therapeutic applications. Chemical modifications of the MNPs surface might result in non-toxic and biocompatible nanoparticles for biomedical applications like the development of new targeted nanoparticles for drug delivery systems for specific tissues. As previously mentioned, MNPs are used as a targeted carrier to be available for drug delivery to the specific site under the influence of a guiding magnet for treatment of diseases. Furthermore, MNPs offer excellent prospects for chemical and biological sensing. In the case of bioanalytical applications, MNPs can be adopted as nanoparticle-modined transducers for use as sensors and biomolecule-nanoparticle conjugates as labels for biosensing and bioassays. In the present review we will discuss current uses of MNPs in biomedicine and nanomedicine.

关键词：磁性纳米粒子；生物分子；生物医药

查看摘要 索取原文[35页]

In this chapter, a detailed discussion on the salient features of structures of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids is presented. Intermolecular interactions leading to phase separation, coacervation and nano-particle formation is discussed herein. Biomolecular solutions exist as gels, coacervates, dispersions and melts with each of these phases having its signature physico-chemical properties, which is discussed in this chapter. The discussions are supported by robust experimental data obtained from an array of methods like turbidimetry, elecrophoresis, viscosity, light scattering etc. The inevitability of the phenomenon of self-organization in biopolymers results in the generation of a variety of soft matter phases which do not, however, make it predictable. For instance, the associative aggregation is a process which remains obscure, as every protein aggregates in a different manner under different conditions. One known feature to the aggregation of proteins is the strong dependence upon pH, salt concentration and temperature. Beyond the influence of these factors and their effects on aggregation, the process is not well understood. An increase in protein usage in biomedical and pharmaceutical studies implicates protein aggregation in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other diseases, and have placed a growing importance upon understanding this behaviour in general. Comparison of the system to other protein-polyelectrolyte systems suggests that the preferential binding of the two could be a result of complexation of the two molecules which often lead to coacervation. Such association can even occur at pH greater than the isoelectric points (pI), when the net charge of protein is of the same sign as that of polyelectrolyte. Such binding though prevalent in nature is not well understood. In summary, a comprehensive account of biomolecular phase states and their inherent attributes are presented in this review.

关键词：蛋白质；碳水化合物；生物分子；生物医学

查看摘要 索取原文[70页]