Spintronics is the advanced branch of nanoelectronics making use of specially engineered materials that can impart spin functionality in the electrons, in addition to its well-known property of charge. Spin field effect transistor (spin-FET) is a spin-device consisting of ferromagnetic source and drain electrodes to impart spin-functionality into the device with the spin field effect transistor action realized with an electric field applied through the gate voltage. The whole concept relies on controlling the spin precession from source to the drain through a spin-conducting channel by applying a voltage on the gate region. An interesting class of materials is the half-metallic ferromagnetic compounds having majority spin density of states at the Fermi level (E_F) showing metallic behaviour, while minority spin density of states at a certain gap below the E_F. CrO_2 is such a half-metallic oxide with theoretical predicted 100% degree of spin-polarization and high Curie temperature (T_C) of ～395 K making it appropriate for spin-device applications. Hence, nanotechnology is the technology of the future, giving rise to the design of new kinds of materials (electronic & magnetic) and devices based on them, all set to revolutionize the world.

关键词：自旋电子学；纳米技术；自旋电子学；自旋金属氧化物

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Biometrics authentication is a process by which an individual’s identity is authenticated by evaluating one or more unique biological traits, such as voice recognition, palm geometry, DNA identification, gait recognition, fingerprint matching, facial recognition, iris recognition, signature verification, and vein recognition. It was introduced based on the behavioral and physiological characteristics of an individual, which is difficult to be duplicated. Considered to be more reliable compared to physical devices and numeric codes, biometrics involves verification and identification processes to authenticate an individual. Verification is a one-to-one matching process that is used to verify the biometrics traits of an individual against a particular template in a database.

关键词：生物特征认证；身份认证过程；行为；生理特点；物理设备；数据库；生物测量特征

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UCB is the blood that remains in the placenta and the attached umbilical cord after childbirth. Cord blood contains stem cells that are unique, smart, and capable of treating several lifethreatening diseases. They are used in the treatment of hematopoietic and genetic disorders. The placental blood can produce ten times more stem cells compared to the umbilical cord, which can in turn be used for the treatment of an adult patient. The cord blood, which is collected during childbirth, is stored and cryopreserved. The cord blood can be stored at private cord blood banks or public cord blood banks. This preserved blood can be used for transplantation and the treatment of diseases at the later stages of life.

关键词：干细胞脐血；胎盘；附脐带血液；造血细胞；遗传性疾病；移植；治疗疾病

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Bio-implants are medical devices made up of biomaterials used for the repair, replacement, and augmentation of damaged tissues, particularly for the treatment of orthopedic and cardiovascular conditions. Orthopedic bio-implants are used in replacement procedures for the hip, spine, knee, and other extremities such as the shoulder, wrist, elbow, and ankle. Cardiovascular bio-implants include CRM devices, stents, and prosthetic heart valves.

关键词：生物植入物；修复；生物材料；医疗装置；整形外科；心血管疾病；矫形生物植入物

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Medical records include clinical, office, consultation, and evaluation notes; laboratory, X-ray, operation, patient progress, physical, and pathology reports; and discharge records. The conversion of these data, received through dictation by tape, digital system, or voice files from physicians, into text format is called medical transcription. A professional involved in the process of conversion is called a medical transcriptionist. These processed data are used as documents or records for further reference, presurgical exams, liability insurance, and disability claims. Medical transcription requires a high degree of training, proficiency in English, and a deep knowledge of medical terminologies. Medical transcription is cost-effective and reduces physicians' time and the duration of the documentation process.

关键词：医疗记录；实验室；X射线；操作；系统；语音文件；转换；文本格式

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MPS is a service offered by a third-party provider to optimize and manage an organization's document environment. MPS manages an organization's objectives such as reducing cost, improving the prolific imaging and printing environment, and improving efficiency and productivity. It involves monitoring, regulating, and improving the printing sub-structure of an organization. Under an MPS structure, the service provider has to take primary responsibility for fulfilling the end-user printing needs, which include printing equipment, supplies, service, and the management of the printer fleet. The provider needs to track the usage of the printer fleet and the problems occurring with it. Also, the provider needs to analyze the business data that have been gathered in managing the printer usage.

关键词：MPS；服务优化；管理组织；文档环境；多产成像；打印环境；提高效率

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A military flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flight and various aspects of the flight environment. Flight simulators are categorized into two types: FFS and FSTD. An FFS is a replica of a specific type or model and series of an aircraft cockpit, whereas an FSTD is a replica of flight controls and devices. There are four levels of FFS, i.e., levels A-D, with level D being the highest standard and providing acceleration in all six DOF. A flight simulator covers simulation in three areas, i.e., aircraft, environment, and cueing simulation.

关键词：军方飞行模拟器；人为；重新创建飞机；FFS；FSTD

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The global industrial automation services market can be broadly categorized into consulting services, project engineering and installation, maintenance and support, and operational services.

关键词：工业自动化；服务市场；咨询服务；项目工程；安装；维护和支持；运营服务

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The post-genomic era is producing an enormous volume of data. Efficient applications and protocols are necessary in Bioinformatics to deal with this information. One of the most-challenging goals is the integration of knowledge extracted from different biological databases. Emerging ontologies in Molecular biology are very promising tools to provide sequence annotation standards that can be shared among genome annotation projects. The Gene Ontology (GO) is the most popular vocabulary to assign biological functions to genes, accordingly to evidence obtained from literature or computationally inferred. GO characterization of gene products is now an essential step of each genome annotation pipeline. Genome curators can use, in addition, auxiliar ontologies to describe biological sequences and alignments. The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) consortium, a joint effort of bioinformatics and biomedical communities, has recently defined a common framework to standardize the ontologies developed in different fields. This chapter provides a comprehensive description of GO and other similar ontologies to annotate genome products.

关键词：后基因组时代；元数据；生物信息学；生物医学

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The application of nanotechnology in the field of biology has given rise to a host of innovations ranging from diagnostics, biomedical sensors, targeted drug delivery systems, to the creation of integrated chips with scalable memory. Recently, increased investments in basic nanotechnology research and demand for improved convergence based product development, have led to the organization of national innovation ecosystems such as the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the United States, National Nanotechnology Initiative and associated National Nanotechnology Centre in Malaysia and the Australia Nanotechnology Network in Australia to name a few. While academic laboratories and spin-offs have served as epicenters of nanobiotechnology commercialization across these countries, the extent of commercialization of products across developed and emerging economies is largely driven by the maturity of innovation networks and knowledge flows surrounding the nanobiotechnology initiatives. In the wake of the global market challenges of the biopharmaceuticals, successful deployment of nanobiotechnology innovations in regional economies will depend on inclusive and adaptable innovation models that can be replicated globally. To that end, this commentary discusses the design of a hybrid innovation ecosystem that captures nanotechnology policy, stakeholders, and knowledge to facilitate accelerated nanobiotechnology commercialization. Examples of innovation ecosystems in the US, Malaysia and Australia are used to demonstrate the emergence of this hybrid model where research and human capacity development including knowledge dissemination between the participating stakeholders, are the overarching goals of the designed ecosystems. Objective of Commentary: In the context of the limitations of existing innovation models as static entities that have failed to accelerate innovation and commercialization of nanotechnology innovations in medicine, an adaptable hybrid ecosystem or AHE for effective commercialization of nanomedicine and emerging technologies is proposed . The adaptable hybrid ecosystem builds upon the concepts of National Systems of Innovation, Triple Helix Model and strategic arenas-a broad area of focus that engages contributions from multidisciplinary areas. The multistakeholder participatory approach of the AHE model is suggestive of a dynamic asset pool comprising customers, industries, universities and international governments that enable technology commercialization in emerging areas such as nanomedicine and nanotechnology by the influence of fundamental paradigm shifts discussed in this paper.

关键词：纳米生物技术；融合创新；三重螺旋模型；生物医学

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