The recent technological advancement in the field of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and cell and molecular biology has given birth to the new era of precision medicine, which offers a platform to analyze the variability in genes, lifestyle, and environment of each person individually. Now, the researchers have found an even better option through cell sequencing, which precedes the advancements of next-generation sequencing. In the past few decades, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) methods have been applied to single cells to combine DNA, RNA, protein, and chromatin information through a single cell. The transcriptomics technique has enabled researchers to use genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics to understand the heterogeneity of genetically identical cells in the same tissue.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is performed among couples with a higher risk of transmitting a genetic condition to their offspring. The technique is employed in in-vitro fertilization centers globally to select the euploid embryos to transfer and improve the clinical outcome of the clinical pregnancy, embryo implantation, and live birth rates. As per a research study published by MDPI, embryo aneuploidy is one of the significant reasons for IVF failure enhancing the importance of the preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies as a mode of selecting healthy embryos with normal chromosomes. The ability to identify the preimplantation embryos with the genetic defects prior to the initiation of the pregnancy also offers an attractive alternative to chorionic villous sampling or amniocentesis.

Biomanufacturing is the process of production of commercially important biomolecules by utilizing biological systems for use in medicines, food and beverage processing, and industrial applications. Natural sources such as blood, cultures of microbes, animal cells, or plant cells are often employed to carry out biomanufacturing. Cells used in the production process can also be derived using genetic engineering techniques. Biomanufacturing refers to the method of production of biological products from living cells that are commercially important for use in medicines, food and beverage processing, and industrial applications. It is a form of biotechnology that encompasses the use of biomaterials harvested from natural sources such as microbes, blood, animal cells, or plant cells. These cells or ingredients used in the production are either naturally occurring or are synthesized through genetic engineering. In the field of medicine, several biopharmaceutical products such as vaccines, cytokines, amino acids, growth factors, antibodies, and fusion proteins are all manufactured through bioprocessing and are hence called biomanufactured products. The terms “bioprocessing” and “biomanufacturing” are often used interchangeably, the former representing the technologies and system processes, whereas the latter involves implementing bioprocessing practices to produce commercially important biomaterials and biomolecules for specific applications. One key feature distinguishing a biomanufactured product such as monoclonal antibodies from small molecule drugs such as aspirin is their production process. Biomanufacturing is a highly complex, multi-step procedure requiring much more time and expense than that needed for small molecules.

Molecular diagnostics encompasses a rapidly evolving range of assays and systems that facilitate pathogen detection, viral load estimation, antibiotic and antiviral therapy selection, diagnosis of cancer, and other diseases, by the detection and analysis of proteins and nucleic acid sequences. Molecular diagnostics also offer prognostic assessments for a wide range of diseases, as well as assistance with treatment selection and monitoring of drug treatment efficacy. Molecular diagnostics has evolved to be an integrative aspect of healthcare routines by providing most laboratory tests in infectious disease and genetics, and a continuously increasing number of tests in oncology. The massively parallel methods that have now transcended molecular diagnostics allow sequencing of entire genomes at very low costs. The sequenced databases within and between species provide the information necessary for the development of sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. The effect of extensive sequencing procedures has led to most microorganisms today being classified on the basis of sequence rather than phenotype. A presumptive diagnosis is made if a microbial sequence is present where it should not be.