Interest in estimating the air pollutant emissions that occur during highway project construction is increasing. This paper describes a construction emissions modeling framework with companion calculation methodologies. On the basis of bid data and field data collected from a range of highway construction projects, the modeling framework builds linkages between material quantities, equipment in-use hours, and pollutant emissions. The data calculation and processing methodologies can assist project analysts in creating emissions estimates across various construction operations at early environmental assessment stages when, typically, limited data are available for characterizing equipment activity for the future project A hypothetical freeway-widening case study was used to demonstrate the application of the modeling framework and calculation methodologies. The example illustrates the framework's ability to disaggregate emissions by construction operation; in the case analysis, hours of equipment use and emissions were greatest during roadway excavation and foundation work. Project analysts can also vary individual equipment characteristics that affect emissions, such as tier group (emissions certification standards), horsepower rating, equipment deterioration, and other factors in construction emissions analyses. For example, the emissions reduction benefits of shifting the equipment fleet to more stringent (Tier 4) emissions standards, especially as a strategy for reducing particulate emissions, can be quantified.

关键词：大气；空气排放；空气污染

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies have tremendous potential for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and mitigating global climate change. These technologies encourage economic growth and have manageable influence on energy use. Deploying these technologies on a commercial scale will require expanding the workforce, including geologists, engineers, scientists and technicians, trained in CCS specialties.

关键词：大气；温室气体；气体保护

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Two methods of prediction improvement in Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithms utilizing fuzzy Hammerstein models are proposed in the paper. The first one consists in iterative adjustment of the prediction, the second one - in utilization of disturbance measurement. Though the methods can significantly improve control system operation, they modify the prediction in such a way that it is described by relatively simple analytical formulas. Thus, the prediction has such a form that the MPC algorithms using it are formulated as numerically efficient quadratic optimization problems. Efficiency of the MPC algorithms based on the prediction utilizing the proposed methods of improvement is demonstrated in the example control system of a nonlinear control plant with significant time delay.

关键词：模糊控制；模糊系统；预测控制

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We summarize results from comparative simulations of hybrid electric vehicles with either stoichiometric gasoline or diesel engines. Our simulations utilize previously published models of transient engine-out emissions and models of aftertreatment devices.

关键词：大气；废气排放；节能减排

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Climate projections are essential in order to extend the case-study impacts and vulnerability assessments to encompass future climate change. Thus climate-model based indicators for the future (to 2050 and for the A1B emissions scenario) are presented for the climate and atmosphere theme (including indices of temperature and precipitation extreme events), together with biogeophysical and socioeconomic indicators encompassing the other case-study themes. For the latter, the specific examples presented here include peri-urban fires, air pollution, human health risks, energy demand, alien marine species and tourism (attractiveness and socio-economic consequences). The primary source of information about future climate is the set of global and regional model simulations performed as part of CIRCE. These have the main novel characteristic of incorporating a realistic representation of the Mediterranean Sea including coupling between sea and atmosphere. These projections are inevitably subject to uncertainties relating to unpredictability, model structural uncertainty and value uncertainty. These uncertainties are addressed by taking a multi-model approach, but problems remain, for example, due to a systematic cold bias in the CIRCE models. In the context of the case-study integrated assessments, there are also uncertainties 'downstream' of climate modeling and the construction of climate change projections - largely relating to the modeling of impacts. In addition, there are uncertainties associated with all socio-economic projections used in the case studies - such as population projections. Thus there are uncertainties inherent to all stages of the integrated assessments and it is important to consider all these aspects in the context of adaptation decision making.

关键词：大气；空气污染；未来气候

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This paper proposes a novel filtering method to reduce the stochastic disturbance in the modal space. Recently, macro-micro manipulation is expected to be applied to medical fields, especially cell manipulation. In conventional study, a scaling bilateral control was presented as the one of the key technologies for micro manipulation with feedback of haptic information. However, the quality of haptic information deteriorates by the influence of stochastic disturbance such as quantization noise because of the interference between the macro-space and micro-space. To solve this problem, a modal filter that compensates for interfered terms in each space is proposed. By dealing with the random variable as a mass fluctuation, the interference term of the stochastic disturbance to the master system can be clarified. By using the proposal, it is possible to reduce the variance of random variable and extract the expectation value. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is confirmed by simulation and experimental results.

关键词：现实世界襻；双向控制；运动控制；随机扰动

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Ball-screw-driven stages are extensively used in industry for high-precision fabrication thanks to the low cost and high efficiency. However, spring-like nonlinear frictions including the friction at the linear guide and the friction within screw and nut grooves can significantly degrade the control performance. In this paper, the effectiveness and imperfection of conventional friction compensation is firstly analyzed. Then, a novel friction compensation method considering load-side frictions is proposed to enhance the control performance. Simulations and experiments are also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词：滚珠螺杆驱动的阶段；摩擦补偿；弹性变形

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Increases in the abundance of methane (CH4) in the Earth's atmosphere are responsible for significant radiative forcing of climate change (Forster et al., 2007; Wuebbles and Hayhoe, 2002). Since 1750, a 2.5 fold increase in atmospheric CH4 contributed 0.5 W/m2 to direct radiative forcing and an additional 0.2 W/m2 indirectly through changes in atmospheric chemistry. Next to water and carbon dioxide (CO2), methane is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the troposphere. Additionally, CH4 is significantly more effective as a greenhouse gas on a per molecule basis than is CO2, and increasing atmospheric CH4 has been second only to CO2 in radiative forcing (Forster et al., 2007). The chemical reactivity of CH4 is important to both tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. Along with carbon monoxide, methane helps control the amount of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the troposphere where oxidation of CH4 by OH leads to the formation of formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and ozone.

关键词：大气；甲烷；空气排放

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One of the primary objectives of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Programs second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) is to obtain reliable measurements of radiation (solar, surface, and atmospheric), cloud, and atmospheric properties from ocean-going vessels. To ensure that these climatic measurements are representative and accurate, many AMF2 instrument systems are designed to collect data in a zenith orientation. A pillar of the AMF2 strategy in this effort is the use of a stable platform. The purpose of the platform is to (1) mitigate vessel motion for instruments that require a truly vertical orientation and keep them pointed in the zenith direction and (2) allow for accurate positioning for viewing or shading of the sensors from direct sunlight. Of the numerous ARM instruments that require a zenith orientation, perhaps the most important are the vertically pointing cloud radars, for which vertical motion is a critical parameter.

关键词：大气；气体检测；气候模型

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This project, CRC E-90-2b, was conducted by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in order to assess the impact of E10+ blends on MIL illumination and exhaust emissions compliance. The original objectives of this study were to: (1) Document the change in fuel trim and other engine parameters as vehicles operate on a range of ethanol fuels under real-world conditions. (2) Determine if the MIL would illuminate and/or diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) would be set on potentially sensitive vehicles when exposed to E15 and/or E20. (3) Determine if a vehicle with an illuminated MIL induced by E15 or E20 still meets its emission category target, using a standard cold-start FTP-75 test.

关键词：大气；燃料气体；废气排放

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