关键词：生物质能；防御系统；能源；原油

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We describe a novel art-empowered Virtual Reality (VR) system designed for hand rehabilitation therapy following stroke. The system was developed by an interdisciplinary team of engineers, art therapists, occupational therapists, and VR artist to improve patient's motivation and engagement. We describe system design, development, and user testing for efficiency, subject's satisfaction and clinical feasibility. We report initial results following use of the system on the first four subjects from the ongoing clinical efficacy trials as measured by standard clinical tests for upper extremity function. These cases demonstrate that the system is operational and can facilitate therapy for post stroke patients with upper extremity impairment.

关键词：中风康复；虚拟现实；职业治疗；生物医学

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Ti-Co alloys are important biomedical materials for both scientific and technological interests due to their potential applications as hard tissue replacement (HTR).The microstructural characteristics of the alloys in this system are of both scientific and technological interests.This work presents the results of microstructural characterization of as-cast Ti-Co alloys using a combination of various experimental methods.The results confirm that there are two variants of the Laves phase TiCo2,i.e.h-TiCo2 and c-TiCo2 exist in this system of as cast state.The eutectic reaction L←→(β-Ti)+ Ti2Co is determined to be occur at at 23 at.％ Co,1020 ℃.Four peritectic reactions,i.e.L+ TiCo←→ Ti2Co,L+ TiCo←→ (c-TiCo2),L+(c-TiCo2)←→(h-TiCo2) and L+Co←→ TiCo3 occur at 1058 ℃,1235 ℃,1210 ℃,and 1190 ℃,respectively.Eutectoid reaction (βTi) ←→(αtTi)+ Ti2Co occurs at 9 at.％ Co,685 ℃.

关键词：Ti-Cu合金；组织；生物材料；生物医学

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Ammonia nitrogen removal is one of the most important processes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is performed by microorganisms (referred to as biomass) in aerobic reactors in an activated sludge process. For normal operation a sufficiently high oxygen concentration has to be maintained at all times in the reactor by appropriate aeration. Aeration should be such that the effluent ammonia concentration (daily averaged or peak values) never exceeds the limit prescribed by legislation irrespective of the variable influent, changing weather and plant condition. At the same time, the lowest possible air consumption must be achieved. The reasons are purely economic. According to a study, air consumption is responsible for more than 50of the total electrical energy consumed by the plant. For example, aeration costs at a WWTP designed for around 100,000 people can be more than € 150,000 per year.

关键词：氨氮；生物质能；需氧反应器；曝气

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We present multi-model global datasets of nitrogen and sulfate deposition covering time periods from 1850 to 2100, calculated within the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). The computed deposition fluxes are compared to surface wet deposition and ice-core measurements. We use a new dataset of wet deposition for 2000-2002 based on critical assessment of the quality of existing regional network data. We show that for present-day (year 2000 ACCMIP time-slice), the ACCMIP results perform similarly to previously published multi-model assessments. For this time slice, we find a multi-model mean deposition of 50 Tg(N) yr1 from nitrogen oxide emissions, 60 Tg(N) yr1 from ammonia emissions, and 83 Tg(S) yr1 from sulfur emissions. The analysis of changes between 1980 and 2000 indicates significant differences between model and measurements over the United States but less so over Europe. This difference points towards misrepresentation of 1980 NH3 emissions over North America. Based on ice-core records, the 1850 deposition fluxes agree well with Greenland ice cores but the change between 1850 and 2000 seems to be overestimated in the Northern Hemisphere for both nitrogen and sulfur species. Using the Representative Concentration Pathways to define the projected climate and atmospheric chemistry related emissions and concentrations, we find large regional nitrogen deposition increases in 2100 in Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia under some of the scenarios considered. Increases in South Asia are especially large, and are seen in all scenarios, with 2100 values more than double 2000 in some scenarios and reaching 1300 mg(N) m2 yr1 averaged over regional to continental scale regions in RCP 2.6 and 8.5, 3050 larger than the values in any region currently (2000). The new ACCMIP deposition dataset provides novel, consistent and evaluated global gridded deposition fields for use in a wide range of climate and ecological studies.

关键词：大气化学；生物质燃烧；气候模型；计算机程序

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Characterization of biomass burning from space has been the subject of an extensive body of literature published over the last few decades. Given the importance of this topic, we review how satellite observations contribute toward improving the representation of biomass burning quantitatively in climate and air-quality modeling and assessment. Satellite observations related to biomass burning may be classified into five broad categories: (i) active fire location and energy release, (ii) burned areas and burn severity, (iii) smoke plume physical disposition, (iv) aerosol distribution and particle properties, and (v) trace gas concentrations. Each of these categories involves multiple parameters used in characterizing specific aspects of the biomass-burning phenomenon. Some of the parameters are merely qualitative, whereas others are quantitative, although all are essential for improving the scientific understanding of the overall distribution (both spatial and temporal) and impacts of biomass burning. Some of the qualitative satellite datasets, such as fire locations, aerosol index, and gas estimates have fairly long-term records. They date back as far as the 1970s, following the launches of the DMSP, Landsat, NOAA, and Nimbus series of earth observation satellites. Although there were additional satellite launches in the 1980s and 1990s, space-based retrieval of quantitative biomass burning data products began in earnest following the launch of Terra in December 1999. Starting in 2000, fire radiative power, aerosol optical thickness and particle properties over land, smoke plume injection height and profile, and essential trace gas concentrations at improved resolutions became available. The 2000s also saw a large list of other new satellite launches, including Aqua, Aura, Envisat, Parasol, and CALIPSO, carrying a host of sophisticated instruments providing high quality measurements of parameters related to biomass burning and other phenomena. These improved data products have enabled significant progress in the study of biomass burning from space. 

关键词：气溶胶；气候模型；生物质燃烧；痕量污染物；生物质能

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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB) and the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UMass Lowell) Environmental Health and Safety Team assessed nanoparticle emissions in a chemical laboratory at UMass Lowell. The laboratory conducted bench-top scale product development using 20-30 nm diameter bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The tasks evaluated in this study included weighing, mixing, sonicating, coating, drying, and cutting, which are common activities in most research and commercial production facilities. Weigh-out, mixing, and sonication were conducted on the bench-top without engineering controls, while coating, drying, and cutting were conducted inside a fume hood or a ventilated enclosure. The study results provide information on exposure potential and control for common nanomanufacturing processes.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染监测；碳纳米管；纳米颗粒；排放量

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We provide satellite-based evidence of the spectral dependence of absorption in biomass burning aerosols over South America using near-UV measurements made by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) during 2005-2007. In the current near-UV OMI aerosol algorithm (OMAERUV), it is implicitly assumed that the only absorbing component in carbonaceous aerosols is black carbon whose imaginary component of the refractive index is wavelength independent. With this assumption, OMI-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) is found to be significantly over-estimated compared to that of AERONET at several sites during intense biomass burning events (August-September). Other well-known sources of error affecting the near-UV method of aerosol retrieval do not explain the large observed AOD discrepancies between the satellite and the ground-based observations. A number of studies have revealed strong spectral dependence in carbonaceous aerosol absorption in the near-UV region suggesting the presence of organic carbon in biomass burning generated aerosols. A sensitivity analysis examining the importance of accounting for the presence of wavelength-dependent aerosol absorption in carbonaceous particles in satellite-based remote sensing was carried out in this work. The results convincingly show that the inclusion of spectrally-dependent aerosol absorption in the radiative transfer calculations leads to a more accurate characterization of the atmospheric load of carbonaceous aerosols.

关键词：气溶胶；吸收光谱；卫星观测；生物质燃烧；臭氧

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A woody biomass 'feedstock yard'. is a collection point or location for collecting and concentrating biomass from various sources. Biomass is collected, sorted, consolidated, processed and distributed to a variety of markets and uses. It provides an alternative in the biomass supply chain that could have benefits over traditional woods-to-processor delivery scenarios. This guide has been designed for those interested in developing a business to supply woody biomass for forest products, wood energy and other uses. The guide provides information about the development, operation and management of a woody biomass feedstock yard. For example, a woody biomass feedstock yard could be developed to help solve a disposal problem, recover and utilize a natural resource, contribute to the local economy and the environment, or as a way to be a better steward for taxpayers. A woody biomass feedstock yard could help guide a 'woods wise' person to own and operate a small business enterprise. Woody biomass is an abundant and renewable feedstock for energy and other uses and may present an opportunity for those willing to make investments. This guide provides information and guidance on the establishment of a business and ways to improve the operation of an existing business.

关键词：生物质能；木质燃料；能源系统；木制品

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This study examined how variations in the source and type of patient health data affected health care providers' perceptions of the trustworthiness and usefulness of the data. Overall, respondents (n=107) reported moderate to high levels of trust and usefulness of health status data from all sources. Technology sources were rated as more trustworthy than traditional, non-technology sources (paired t = -2.84, p ＜0.006). However, there was no significant difference between technology sources and non-technology sources (paired t = -1.63, p ＜0.108) in perceived usefulness for clinical decision making.

关键词：技术评估；生物医学；信托；医疗

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