The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) is a strategic response to concerns under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 about petroleum fuel supplies and environmental sustainability (EPA 2012). RFS2 regulations mandate specific amounts of renewable fuels to be blended into gasoline and diesel. The renewable fuels also need to emit fewer greenhouse gases than the displaced petroleum. In 2012, the target is for 9of all fuel will be from renewable sources, or a minimum of 15.2 billion gallons of renewable fuel. By 2022, the target is for 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel to be blended into gasoline and diesel and of that amount, 16 billion gallons derived from cellulosic biofuels. While some advanced biofuel will be refined from forest, crop, and urban residues, this paper focuses on the patterns of farmers choices regarding dedicated perennial lignocellulosic energy crops. Throughout this paper we use the term perennial as shorthand for warm season grasses such as those in the genus Panicum or Miscanthus, or short rotation tree crops such as those in the genus Populus or Salix. We focus on choices about these perennial crops because two thirds of the mandated advanced biofuels are expected to be converted at biorefineries from perennials (USDA 2010). RFS2 establishes the goals, but not mechanisms for achieving them. Mechanisms and incentives, however, are embedded in other legislation and programs. For example, the 2008 Farm Bill created the Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) that is designed to entice farmers to plant and deliver biomass feedstock to biorefineries and electrical plants. The effectiveness of this new program, however, has yet to be fully explored (Aguilar et al. 2011). In 2011, the program received over 40 project area proposals, exceeding the available funding, suggesting increasing adoption, or at least exceeding expectations of policymakers.

关键词：生物燃料；生物质；农业分析；生物能源

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A novel covalent bond cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-collagen hydrogel was prepared and the physical properties were studied.The carboxyl groups were introduced into PVA through the reaction with chloroacetic acid.The EDC and NHS were used as cross-linker.The hydrogels were prepared by repeated freezing and thawing.For a better understanding of the influence of the parameters and their interaction,three factors were investigated by a response surface methodology.The physical properties of the hydrogels were analyzed.The results indicated that the response surface models could significantly fit the response values.Moreover,comparing with the single factor,the interactions between factors had more obvious effects to the physical properties of PVA-Collagen hydrogels.After the analysis of factors' influences and investigation of the data and trends,the structure of the hydrogels might be the driving force of the different physical behaviors.

关键词：聚（乙烯醇）；胶原蛋白；凝胶；物理性能；生物质能

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A comprehensive process model is developed for high temperature air-steam biomass gasification in a downdraft gasifier using the ASPEN PLUS simulator.The simulation results are compared with the experimental data obtained through pilot scale downdraft gasifier.In this study,the model is used to investigate the effects of gasifying agent preheating,equivalence ratio (ER),and steam/biomass (S/B) on producer gas composition,high heating value (HHV),and cold gas efficiency (CGE).Results indicate that H2 and CO contents have increased when gasifying agent preheating is used,while gasifying agent preheating has no effect with H2 and CO at high ER.At high level of S/B,the concentrations of H2 and CO are related with water-gas shift reaction in significant.HHV and CGE depend on the concentrations of H2 and CO in producer gas,which can increase by preheated gasifying agent.However,gasifying agent preheating should apply with waste heat from the process because there is no additional cost of energy price.

关键词：下吸式气化炉; ASPEN PLUS;高温空气 - 蒸汽气化;生物质能

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Nanotechnology is "the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter), where unique phenomena enable novel applications" (NNI, 2007). The research on nanotechnology is still in its infancy and will be enormously expanded in the near future. Although this is new technology, nanotechnology is currently been applied in electronics, engineering, energy, material science, pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics, textiles, food industry, and agriculture (Biswas & Wu 2005: Chen et al., 2006: Mavnard et al., 2006).

关键词：纳米技术；生物医学；生物医疗；能源

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Carbohydrates are attractive molecules for drug discovery because sugars are involved in many intricate human diseases including cancer and infectious diseases. Potential therapeutic and diagnostic benefits of sugar-based drugs, however, are offset by the poor pharmacologic properties of these molecules that include speedy serum clearance, poor cellular uptake, and the relatively high concentrations required for efficacy. To address these issues, carbohydrates are functionalized with nano carrier as similar to peptides, proteins and DNA. Considering the vast relevance of Inorganic nanoparticles as promising candidates for electronic, optical, magnetic and biomedical applications, several metals linked glyconanoparticles (GNPs) are synthesized and applied for biomedical application. This article will elaborately discuss about the progress in the development of metallic GNPs for various biological applications as drug candidates and detection agents.

关键词：无机纳米药；金属纳米粒子；碳水化合物；生物医学

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Eastern Bering Sea shelf walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) abundance and distribution in midwater were assessed between 5 June and 7 August 2010 using acoustic-trawl techniques aboard the NOAA ship Oscar Dyson. The survey also assessed walleye pollock in the Cape Navarin area of Russia. Results showed that ocean surface temperatures were warmer in 2010 than in recent years (1.8DG 12.3DGC in 2010 vs. 0.7DG 8.3DGC in 2 0 and 0.9DG 8.9DGC in 2009). The majority of the pollock biomass in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was located to the south and west of St. Matthew Island between the 100 m and 200 m isobaths. Estimated pollock abundance in midwater (between 16 m from the surface and 3 m off bottom) in the U.S. EEZ portion of the Bering Sea shelf was high compared to recent surveys. The 2010 pollock biomass estimate in the U.S. EEZ was 2.323 million metric tons (t). The 2009 biomass was 0.924 million t and the estimated 2008 biomass was 0.997 million t. East of 170DG W, the predominant length mode was 40 cm and most ages ranged between 3 and 6 years. In the U.S. west of 170DG W (87.4of total biomass), dominant modal lengths were 26, 16, and 39 cm, corresponding to pollock aged 2, 1, and 4, respectively. In Russia (5.3of total biomass), modal lengths and ages were generally similar to those in the U.S. west of 170DG W. Vertical distribution analyses indicated that 85of adult biomass was within 40 m of the seafloor. Juveniles were found both near the seafloor and higher in the water column; 65of juvenile biomass was within 40 m of the seafloor while 13was within 45 m of the surface. Finally, the first field tests of a non-extractive stereo camera-trawl system (Cam-Trawl) were successfully completed during the 2010 survey, and the multifrequency euphausiid backscatter index of abundance was successfully computed, indicating a reduced abundance of euphausiids compared with that in summer 2009.

关键词：狭鳕；海洋设备；生物质能；数据分析

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The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has released a report that discusses possible human exposure and environmental emissions associated with making and using concrete manufactured with baghouse filter dust.

关键词：空气污染；水泥窑袋式除尘器；FDOT

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Cancer informatics is a multidisciplinary field of research. It includes oncology, pathology, radiology, computational biology, physical chemistry, computer science, information systems, biostatistics, machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), data mining and many others. Machine learning (ML) offers potentially powerful tools, intelligent methods, and algorithms that can help in solving many medical and biological problems. The variety of ML algorithms enable the design of a robust techniques and new methodologies for managing, representing, accumulating, changing, discovering ,and updating knowledge in cancer-based systems. Moreover it supports learning and understanding the mechanisms that will help oncologists, radiologists and pathologists to induce knowledge from cancer information databases. This paper presents the research results of the author and his colleagues that have been carried out in recent years on using machine learning in cancer informatics. In addition the talk discusses several directions for future research.

关键词：机器学习；癌症资讯；遗传算法；医疗知识管理；生物医学

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The authors investigate the hypothesis that phytoplankton blooms can be modeled by treating phytoplankton as discrete particles. A particle-tracking model is inserted into the CE-QUAL-ICM eutrophication model. Phytoplankton are quantified as carbonaceous biomass attached to the particles. Kinetics are adapted from CE-QUAL-ICM. The new model is operated along with existing hydrodynamic and watershed models of the Potomac River estuary. Initial application is to the winter-spring 1994 period. The new model is compared to observations and to a conventional model of the spring diatom bloom. The particle-based model successfully computes a subsurface chlorophyll maximum. The model characteristically displays heterogeneous spatial distribution of chlorophyll with high-amplitude oscillations at the semi-diurnal period. The characteristics and applicability of the particle approach are now established. The model requires optimization of parameter values to improve representation of the observed bloom in the Potomac.

关键词：时间序列分析；藻类；浮游植物；生物质能

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This paper studies induced electric fields and current densities for peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) induced by breast gradient coils.The numerical calculations are based on an efficient,quasi-static,finite-difference (QSFD) scheme.The application of the human body to the calculations of induced current densities and electric fields from applied low frequency magnetic and electric fields is described.The spatial distributions of the induced electric field and their gradients are calculated.This study provides some insight into the spatial characteristics of the induced field gradients for PNS in MRI,which may be used to further evaluate the sites where magnetic stimulation is likely to occur and to optimize gradient coil design.

关键词：乳房梯度线圈，感应电流；准静态有限差分（QSFD）；磁共振成像

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