Within this chapter requirements engineering methods and models in context of Smart Grid development are outlined. First, the activities of requirements engineering and their integration into superordinate process models are introduced. Subsequently, the layered models of the GridWise Architectural Council and the Smart Grid Architectural Model (SGAM) are outlined. These cover viewpoints from business requirements to component specification and therefore may be used to structure Smart-Grid-specific requirements engineering activities. The application of the SGAM is illustrated by using the example of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Since the development of Smart Grids represents a long-term engineering effort, this chapter also introduces the concept of technology roadmaps to manage strategic goals and requirements. The assessment of technological and organizational progress in Smart Grid development complements this approach and is subsequently covered by the discussion of the Smart Grid Maturity Model (SGMM). The chapter concludes with a brief summary and references for further reading regarding inputs to the SGAM Layers.

关键词：需求工程方法；智能电网；SGAM；计量基础设施（AMI）

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With the comprehensive construction of the smart grid,the smart grid operation control and interactive service system will be initially formed.The smart terminal of smart grid are smart meters,and they produce a large number of various data all the time.That how to most effectively manage these massive data storage is an important research point for improving the intelligence service.This paper studies the smart meter massive data storage management based on cloud computing platform.The Hadoop distributed computing platform for smart meter massive data management is reliable,efficient,scalable storage.

关键词：智能电表；海量数据；存储管理

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Integrating large-scale renewable energy sources and electric vehicles into the power grid, Smart Charging and Vehicle-to-Grid of the electric vehicles play an important role for supply and demand matching in the power grid. The integrated control schemes considering the vehicle user's convenience, battery condition during the idle time, and grid-friendly contribution, have been designed. It is also important to implement the control schemes into the commercial electric vehicle and its supply equipment. This paper describes a laboratory test system of Smart Grid and E-Mobility consisted by an electric vehicle battery test bed, a bi-directional controllable charger, an interface controller with flexibility in communication and control, and a real-time digital simulator. Communication and control functions of each component are confirmed through fundamental experiments, and the load frequency control schemes are implemented to the system.

关键词：电动车；供水设备；负荷频率控制；通信和控制接口；智能电网

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The article describes how to use MCU that the latest low-cost of ATMEL SAM3 series to achieve the ideas and implementation methods of smart grid collector,and elaborates the specific programs from hardware to software implementation process.The schemes has the advantages of low-cost,high-performance,and high-reliability and meets the actual needs of hardware resources,the demanding requirement of cost-performance and reliability in the power industry,and now it has been applied in the National Grid collector.

关键词：ATMEL SAM3N；电力收集器；智能电网

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Reference Network Models (RNMs) are large-scale distribution network planning tools. RNMs can be used by policy makers and regulators to estimate efficient distribution costs. This is a very challenging task, particularly being network planning a combinatorial problem, which is especially difficult to solve due to the vast size of the distribution areas, and the use of several voltage levels. This chapter presents the main features of RNMs developed by the authors, including high performance requirements related to the type and size of the problem. The model can be used to plan distribution networks either from scratch or incrementally from existing grids. Different case studies illustrate the applicability of these models to the assessment of the impact of massive deployment of renewable distributed generation, demand response actions, and plug-in electric vehicle penetration on distribution costs. The results obtained provide valuable information to guide strategic policy-making decisions regarding the implementation of renewable energy programs and smart grid initiatives.

关键词：参考网络模型（RNMS）；智能电网；配送成本

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The Smart Grid is expected to increase the efficiency of the current power grid, to cope with volatile power production based on renewable resources, to reduce the need for fossil-based energy resources, and to guarantee the stability of power supply. To achieve these objectives, today's power grid is enhanced by information and communication technology to increase the information flow and to enable a sophisticated power production and power demand management. However, as the power grid is extended to a network of networks, it does not only become smarter, but also more vulnerable to security threats. This chapter discusses the current status and future developments of the Smart Grid and its challenges. Enhancements in terms of energy efficiency and new energy management approaches are covered as well as novel security challenges in different parts of the Smart Grid architecture. In short, this chapter analyzes some of the most striking risks and threats concerning the new Smart Grid infrastructure and discusses interdependencies between energy efficiency and security in the Smart Grid.

关键词：智能电网；可再生资源；新能源；基础设施

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Testing is indispensable when implementing complex systems, but in the case of communication standards, independent testing of different systems does not suffice. Instead, interoperability tests involving all systems, that are to communicate with each other, are needed. This chapter explains, how the efforts for this tests can be minimized, what additional benefits are achievable, and what limitations exist. Additionally, testing for the major Smart Grid standard families IEC 61850 and CIM will be exemplified.

关键词：智能电网；系统测试；通信；互操作性

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The two main objectives of this research were (1) to propose a new subgrade soil stabilization protocol to allow CDOT and other transportation agencies to rely upon an alternative stabilization method that is not subject to the typical problems associated with calcium-based stabilization of sulfate-rich soils (the proposed technology is also appropriate to stabilize sulfate-free subgrade soils), and (2) to develop a new database of MEPDG parameters for local soil samples obtained from CDOT and to provide advanced testing and analysis of the stiffness degradation of these materials. The beneficial use of scrap tire rubber mixed with expansive soils is of interest to civil engineering applications since the swell percent and the swell pressure can be potentially reduced with no deleterious effect to the shear strength of the mixture.

关键词：土壤稳定;硫酸盐;公路建设;混合物;橡胶

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This is the publicly releasable abridged version of the final report of the United States Army Logistics Innovation Agency (USALIA) Contingency Base Waste Stream Analysis (CBWSA) project.

关键词：固体废物;废物管理;废水;应急废物管理

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Take the Shenzhen Nanshan Municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI) as the object,in total 18 ambient air samples were got.The study analyzed the distribution characteristics of ambient air heavy metals (Cu,Cd,Pb,Cr) and As in the surroundings of the MSWI.The EPA Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund(RAGS) was used to assess the exposure risk.The results demonstrated that the Pb and Cd value in the surroundings of the MSWI were in the accept level according to the Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB3095-2012); The risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks via inhalation exposure in the sorrounding of the MSWI were in the accessible levels.

关键词：垃圾焚烧；重金属；环境空气;分布特征;固体废弃物

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