A small easily deployable buoy, Marine-Air-Sea-Flux System (MASFlux), has been developed by the Meteorology Department of the Naval Postgraduate School. This system measures turbulence perturbations, mean wind and thermodynamic profiles, surface wave, and upper ocean temperature simultaneously. This research focuses on testing, documenting, and evaluating the MASFlux performance. The buoy system was tested in the Monterey Bay since August 2012 using small vessels, with the first three deployments focusing on sensor and buoy performance improvements. Concurrent measurements of wave and turbulence fluxes in the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer during the last three deployments were not subject to apparent sensor errors or excessive mast rotations. Data from these deployments are analyzed here. The two-dimensional wave measurements were compared with those from the Datawell DWR-G4 wave buoys and showed consistent results in all deployments. Turbulent spectra analyses for data before and after buoy motion correction demonstrate the effectiveness in motion correction for the MASFlux. The spectra revealed a significant amount of energy in the atmospheric turbulence at frequencies of the dominant swell. The mean vertical wind profiles also indicated the effects of swell. These initial measurements and results point to great potential for the MASFlux for future air-sea-wave study.

关键词：空气与水的相互作用;浮标;部署;热通量;气象

查看摘要 索取原文[85页]

We are conducting theoretical studies and practical validation of Atmosphere/ionosphere phenomena preceding major earthquakes.

关键词：地震;电子密度（浓度）;地震;卫星观测；大气电学

查看摘要 索取原文[6页]

Venus, with a surface temperature of 450 C and an atmospheric pressure 90 times higher than that of the Earth, is a difficult target for exploration. However, high-temperature electronics and power systems now being developed make it possible that future missions may be able to operate in the Venus environment. Powering such a rover within the scope of a Discovery class mission will be difficult, but harnessing Venus' surface winds provides a possible way to keep a powered rover small and light. This project scopes out the feasibility of a wind-powered rover for Venus surface missions. Two rover concepts, a land-sailing rover and a wind-turbine-powered rover, were considered. The turbine-powered rover design is selected as being a low-risk and low-cost strategy. Turbine detailed analysis and design shows that the turbine can meet mission requirements across the desired range of wind speeds by utilizing three constant voltage generators at fixed gear ratios.

关键词：电压发生器；风力涡轮机;金星（行星）；金星表面

查看摘要 索取原文[22页]

NASA is concerned with protecting astronauts from the effects of galactic cosmic radiation and has expended substantial effort in the development of computer models to predict the shielding obtained from various materials. However, these models were only developed for shields up to about 120 g/cm2 in thickness and have predicted that shields of this thickness are insufficient to provide adequate protection for extended deep space flights. Consequently, effort is underway to extend the range of these models to thicker shields and experimental data is required to help confirm the resulting code. In this paper empirically obtained effective dose measurements from aircraft flights in the atmosphere are used to obtain the radiation shielding function of the earth's atmosphere, a very thick shield. Obtaining this result required solving an inverse problem and the method for solving it is presented. The results are shown to be in agreement with current code in the ranges where they overlap. These results are then checked and used to predict the radiation dosage under thick shields such as planetary regolith and the atmosphere of Venus.

关键词：银河宇宙射线；辐射防护；辐射剂量；大气密度

查看摘要 索取原文[12页]

The main purpose of the study is to carry out a correlated study of global and seasonal scintillation morphology in the equatorial region using a coincident observation that occurred on 24 Mar 2000 between the irregularity structure observed by ROCSAT-1 and the scintillation experiment carried out at the Ascension Island. The two sets of data were studied separately first, and then compared correlatively for their causal relationship. The results show the reasonable scintillation level at coincident time to indicate a direct relationship between the irregularity structure and the scintillation in both temporal and amplitude variations. Second, since the ionospheric density irregularities are the source of ionospheric radiowave scintillation that affects space communication and navigation, in-depth investigation for the cause of ionospheric irregularities has been carried out. In conclusion, our analysis indicates that the seeding of deep atmospheric convection represented by OLR for the ionospheric irregularity occurrences has not happened as frequently as it was thought.

关键词：电离层闪烁；大气化学；大气科学；通信和广播系统;

查看摘要 索取原文[11页]

Each major war tends to have a signature injury , with traumatic brain injury (TBI) associated with the Iraq war (Operation Iraqi Freedom II and Operation Enduring Freedom) due to the high incidence of personnel injured by IED (improvised explosive devices). Our previous study in a rat model showed that Mechanical Tissue Resuscitation (MTR the controlled application of vacuum) to the cerebral cortex following a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury reduces brain edema and the extent of injury, modulates metabolites in injured neuronal tissues, preserves neuronal tissue, and improves functional recovery. The large gyrencephalic brain of swine is similar to humans, thus a swine model of CCI injury and MTR treatment was evaluated for future human clinical applications. Year 1 goals were to determine the level of vacuum which resulted in the most efficacious result. Year 2 goals were to determine the length of time that the 100 mm Hg of applied sub-atmospheric pressure (determined in Year 1) was necessary to prevent late cell injury and death and late increase in intracranial pressure. Year 3 goals were to determine the length of delay between creation of the injury and application of the localized vacuum to the site of injury to prevent or minimize the size and progression of the injury.

关键词：低于大气压压力处理；伤性脑损伤；创伤和损伤；大脑皮质

查看摘要 索取原文[19页]

The objective of the project was to improve the thermospheric mass density specification by synthesizing a host of global observations of the thermosphere and ionosphere with a general circulation model and by characterizing the density variability associated with various external forcing. We have assimilated the neutral mass density data sampled from the Air Force (AF) High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) into the NCAR- Thermosphere-Ionosphere- Electrodynamics General Circulation Model using an ensemble Kalman filter assimilation procedure, and adjusted both neutral temperature and major composition mass mixing ratio globally. Global HASDM data appear to be more effective to reduce errors in the global mass density than in- situ observations obtained along satellite orbits in terms of the global neutral density specification. Among all sources of external forcing, the electromagnetic forcing in high-latitudes resulting from the solar-wind- magnetosphere interactions has the most significant impact on the mass density variability. We showed evidence that solar wind density enhancements and pressure pulses can cause intense low-energy particle precipitation and associated damping of thermospheric density response due to enhanced production of nitric oxide - an active infrared cooling agent. Ground-based indices as used by AF Space Command fail to capture these interactions in forecasting algorithms.

关键词：大气密度;数据压缩;热层;算法;电磁干扰

查看摘要 索取原文[16页]

Observations at AMOS and elsewhere suggest that turbulence is sometimes non-isotropic and non-Kolmogorov in nature. Such turbulence can produce different jitter, wavefront error, and scintillation than expected from isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence. These differences can impact the design of sensor systems that must see through this atypical turbulence. Quantitative definitions are provided for anisotropic turbulence and non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Using previously developed analyses and with extensive simulations for a plane wave, corresponding to light from a satellite or star, results are presented that parametrically show how scintillation differs from that of standard Kolmogorov turbulence, under a variety of conditions. Also included are conditions appropriate for observations of sources on Mauna Loa as seen at AMOS.

关键词：大气运动;闪烁;空间物体;各向异性;远距离（距离）

查看摘要 索取原文[13页]

Evaluating the performance claims of wideband communication systems will require a RF channel model that arises from the Navy's needs. U.S. Navy shipboard systems contend with surface and evaporation ducts, which create complex propagation environments that can significantly impact system performance. The work developed under this effort is an automated model that can characterize the effect of anomalous propagation conditions on system performance. The limitations of this model need to be understood so that users can determine the applicability of this model for their needs. Future work for this project includes developing and optimizing the automated model and validating the model based on comparisons to other deterministic models along with a comparison to experimental data. The work presented in this document shows the theory that was used to develop an automated channel model that will be validated in the second year of the effort. The design of a wideband channel sounder was presented and the channel sounder will be used to collect a unique set of channel measurements over long-range paths. The experimental validation test plan was developed and measurements will be collected during the second year of this effort.

关键词：大气；自动模式；射频；船上

查看摘要 索取原文[54页]

This research project sought to develop a prototype hydrogen-based fuel cell system for ITS devices. The project investigated hydrogen storage capacities of the various candidate chemical hydride analogs; selected the most efficient of the candidates for energy storage based on volume, mass, and cost; developed a prototype system; and estimated the capital and operating cost for such a system. A hydrogen fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, providing a clean, high-efficiency energy source that circumvents the problems associated with conventional batteries. A major drawback that limits its utility, however, is the use of heavy and bulky compressed metal cylinders as the source of hydrogen. The chemical-based hydrogen generation used in this project can provide a compact, atmospheric-pressure storage option for the controlled release of hydrogen. Many ITS-based applications can be envisaged with hydrogen-based fuel cells, such as alternating-traffic signs, directional signals, speed-limit signs, blinkers in series, warning blinkers, and backup power sources at traffic signals during power outages. This system is particularly attractive because many remote traffic signals on northern Minnesota roads lack access to a power grid, requiring the use of batteries that must be changed often, thus incurring maintenance costs.

关键词：氢;燃料电池;成本缸筒电电池;储能;氢化物

查看摘要 索取原文[44页]