Hepatitis B is an inflammatory condition that occurs as a result of infection with hepatitis B virus.The hepatitis B virus is an enveloped virus that belongs to the Hepadnavirus family. It contains a circular genome with partially double-stranded DNA. The virus interferes with the normal functioning of liver cells. Following viral infection, the immune system is activated against the virus and hepatocytes infected with viruses. This, in turn, leads to inflammation of the liver. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis B include polyarteritis nodosa, Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, transient serum sickness-like syndrome, and membranous glomerulonephritis. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus is the most common mode of infection spread in highly endemic areas. The age of a person at the time of infection and the infecting dose of the virus are important factors that determine the severity of acute or chronic hepatitis B. Most patients suffering from acute hepatitis B recover spontaneously without significant consequences. The chronic form of infection, in some cases, can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B infection can be prevented by immunization with hepatitis B vaccines.

关键词：乙型肝炎；炎性病症；嗜肝DNA；病毒家族

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The Belarusian medical device market is under-developed and heavily reliant on imports. Per capita device expenditure is one of the lowest in Europe at US$43. The outlook for the Belarusian medical device market is mixed, with robust growth projected in local currency terms, but due to the expected depreciation of the Belarusian ruble, the market is forecast to fall in value in US dollar terms. Measured in US dollars, the market is projected to fall at a CAGR of 0.9% over the 2013-2018 period.

关键词：白俄罗斯；医疗器械；调整型发展

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Polyethylene is also known as polythene and is the most commonly used plastic. It is chemically synthesized from ethylene. Polyethylene is used in various products as it can be easily remolded. It is used in packaging, pond liners, pipes, molds, wires, and cables, general purpose tubing, drums, carrier bags, and household goods. There are three major types of polyethylene: HDPE,LDPE, and LLDPE.

关键词：聚乙烯；塑料；高密度聚乙烯； LDPE；LLDPE

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The emergence of new dynamics in the cement industry is the focal point of this report. Away from just capacity expansion and gas usage in production, industry focus has gradually shifted towards the adoption of new standards, consolidation of businesses, increased coal usage and other alternative energy sources as well as higher prospects for further business combinations.

关键词：尼日利亚；水泥；价值投资

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One of the richest markets in the Asian region, Singapore's medical device market continues to grow strongly, with growth at over 10% per annum. The large biomedical production industry continues to be a major sector in Singapore's total manufacturing output and the country continues to serve as a distribution hub for the region.

关键词：新加坡；医疗器械；竞争前景

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One of the most attractive markets for multinationals in the region, Israel's medical device market is valued at US$1,077.4mn in 2013, equal to US$139 per capita. Strong trade relations with the USA facilitate medical device imports and exports, while Israel is also a very dynamic market in terms of medical device start-ups. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 9.5% during the forecast period, which should see it reach US$1,692.8mn, or US$205 per capita, by 2018.

关键词：伊拉克；医疗器械；竞争前景

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Polypropylene foams are engineering plastic materials with unique material properties such as energy absorption, structural strength, thermal insulation, acoustical properties, and chemical inertia; these foams are recyclable and lightweight in nature. Polypropylene foams are manufactured by the catalytic polymerization of propylene. The exclusive properties of this material make it an appropriate material for lightweight, energy management, thermal insulation, and cushioning applications across various industries. Some of the major end-users of polypropylene foams include the Automotive, Packaging, and Consumer Products industries.

关键词：聚丙烯泡沫；材料工程；塑胶原料；独特；材料性；催化聚合制备

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Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by damage to the dopaminergic neurons located in various parts of the brain, including the substantia nigra. This lowers the concentration of dopamine in the striatum by 80 percent. This decrease in dopamine levels leads to symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease such as tremors, bradykinesia, and muscular rigidity. It is usually diagnosed at the age of 60; however, earlier incidence has been reported. Based on the severity, it can be categorized into the early-stage, mid-stage, and late-stage disease. Currently, approved therapies provide only symptomatic relief for the disease. Levodopa is the standard drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease;however, it is associated with the incidence of dyskinesias. Alternative surgical procedures such as bilateral globus pallidus interna stimulation and bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation can be used in Parkinson’s disease patients under certain circumstances.

关键词：帕金森氏病；进行性；神经变性疾病；多巴胺能神经元；左旋多巴

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Retinal vein occlusion is the blockage of retinal veins leading to the blockage of blood flow in the retina. This disease is likely to affect individuals suffering from hypertension, diabetes mellitus,or hyperlipidemia. Retinal vein occlusion is one of the most common vascular disorders, as well as one of the most common causes of blindness in diabetic retinopathy patients. There are two types of retinal vein occlusion: central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion. Central retinal vein occlusion can further be divided into ischemic central retinal vein occlusion and non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion.

关键词：视网膜静脉阻塞；视网膜静脉；血流；糖尿病；高脂血症

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Genomics is the study of genetic material or genomes of an organism.

关键词：基因；遗传物质；生物体；基因组；诊断；治疗方案

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