Excipients are inactive medical ingredients that are used to support the effectiveness of an active pharmaceutical ingredient by various means, such as enhancing the solubility of drugs, increasing the bioavailability of ingredients, and providing coatings in tablets to therapeutically enhance the final dosage form. These ingredients are used to either stabilize or control the release of drugs.

Pharyngeal dysphagia is a type of swallowing disorder that occurs when there is difficulty moving food or liquid from the mouth through the pharynx (throat) and into the esophagus. It's one of the stages of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and specifically refers to problems in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

Plastic processing machinery is used to form plastic products by using molds and dies. It is used to create plastic products using pellets, granules, and powdered forms of raw materials, such as resin and crude oil. Industrial plastic processing machinery includes machines, such as IMMs, extruders, BMMs, hollow molders, 3D plastic printers, and thermal forming machines. Plastic processing machinery finds applications in industries like packaging, consumer goods, and construction.

The term piezo-electrical smart materials refers to a class of materials that can generate an electrical charge in reaction to mechanical pressure or stress, and vice-versa, where they can deform or move in response to an electrical field. Piezo-electrical materials have the inherent capability to convert mechanical power into electrical power and vice-versa. The term smart refers to the fact that these materials can sense and react to external stimuli in a controlled and accurate manner. These materials are used in a wide range of applications, from sensors and actuators to energy and energy-harvesting systems and vibration control.

Physical security refers to the protection of people, hardware, software, networks, and data from physical actions and events that could cause serious loss or damage to an organization. This includes protection from intrusions, theft, vandalism, natural disasters, and other physical threats.i The primary purpose of physical security is to safeguard people and physical assets (like buildings, equipment, and data centers) from physical threats such as unauthorized access or entry, theft or burglary, vandalism or sabotage, fire, flood, and other natural disasters, terrorist or violent attacks.ii

The global photonic chips for AI market encompass the design, fabrication, and commercialization of photonic integrated circuits specifically engineered to accelerate artificial intelligence and machine learning workloads. These chips leverage photons, or particles of light, for computation and data transmission, offering a paradigm shift from traditional electron-based processors. By performing calculations at the speed of light, they provide substantial improvements in processing speed, data throughput, and energy efficiency, directly addressing the computational bottlenecks of complex neural networks. The market includes components like modulators, waveguides, and detectors integrated onto a single chip, created to perform core AI operations such as matrix-vector multiplication with minimal latency and power consumption.

Photo printing refers to the use of printed physical copies of photographs for use in personalized items, such as gifts, calendars, and greeting cards, as well as home or office decor products. These products are mainly used by individual consumers and corporate offices. Photo printing is used by corporate organizations to promote their products and increase brand awareness among consumers.

Phenolic resins or phenol formaldehyde resins are synthetic polymers that are obtained by the polymerization of formaldehyde and phenol. These are generally characterized by resistance to acids, water, and organic solvents. These are used especially in molded and laminated products, adhesives, and coatings.

The market by value in this report is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from goods and/or services sold within the specified market and geography.

Oil and gas logistics comprises all the supply chain activities for refined oil and gas, starting from refineries to point-of-sale (POS) outlets, such as fuel (filling) stations. Oil and gas products are transported to fuel stations primarily using two modes of transportation, namely railroad and tanker trucks. Oil and gas logistics covers the transportation of heavy-lift structures and logistics support for offshore and onshore assets used in operations to extract crude oil and natural gas. Oil and gas transportation covers all the different stages in the oil and gas industry, from upstream to downstream.