The report was prepared for the International Energy Agency (IEA) Hydrogen Program and represents the result of subtask C, Annex 10 - Photoproduction of Hydrogen. The concept of using solar energy to drive the conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen has been examined, from the standpoints of potential and ideal efficiencies, measurement of (and how to calculate) solar hydrogen production efficiencies, a survey of the state-of-the-art, and a technological assessment of various solar hydrogen options. The analysis demonstrates that the ideal limit of the conversion efficiency for 1 sun irradiance is (approximately)31for a single photosystem scheme and (approximately)42for a dual photosystem scheme. However, practical considerations indicate that real efficiencies will not likely exceed (approximately)10and (approximately)16for single and dual photosystem schemes, respectively. Four types of solar photochemical hydrogen systems have been identified: photochemical systems, semiconductor systems, photobiological systems, and hybrid and other systems.

关键词：太阳能；制氢；氢光电化学电池；光伏电池

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Bioplastics are plastics that have been made from renewable biomass sources or food crops such as vegetable fat, corn starch, vegetable oil, pea starch, and microbiota. The different types of bioplastics available include polymers that are directly extracted from biomass and processed, polymers that are made from bio-based precursors such as PLA, and polymers that are made by bacteria such as PHA and PHB. Bioplastics are different from conventional plastics, and they can be used to produce various products such as utensils, bags, furniture, carpets, films, bottles, cups, and packaging materials. They are less harmful than other plastics, which are generally made from fossil fuels (such as petroleum), and they produce lower amounts of GHGs than other plastics. Consequently, the use of bioplastics helps in the reduction of carbon emissions, which is not possible with fossil fuel-based plastics. Bioplastics are widely used in the Packaging sector as they are eco-friendly in nature and reduce the risk of food contamination.

关键词：生物塑料；再生；生物质；粮食；聚合物；用于生产；各种产品；环保性质

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2014年，环保十年黄金期刚刚开始。十年黄金期政策篇：政策细化，执行力加强。十年黄金期行业篇：固废确定增长，污水超预期，大气寻持续增长。大气寻持续增长：监测+运维。垃圾焚烧增长确定，餐厨机会在分歧中产生。市政污水或超预期，持续关注膜行业。

关键词：环保；政策；细化；执行力；加强；大气；垃圾焚烧；市政污水

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开发区是国民经济的主要支柱，以占全国不到2%的土地面积创造了全国60%以上的工业总产值。我国产业园区的类型包括经济技术开发区、高新技术产业开发区、出口加工区、保税区、边境经济合作区、专业园区等。发展现状：截至2012年12月，国家级经济技术开发区153家，国家级高新技术开发区105家，保税区15家，出口加工区56家，其他类型的国家级开发区47家，省级产业园区1200多家。园区主要集中在东部地区，数量分布呈东部向西部递减。新形势下的新问题：过去三十年，我国产业园区拉动了地方经济的发展。在新的时代背景下，产业园区在今后发展中或将面临成本上升、资源成本家具、园区过度建设、设计时盲目与随意等问题。未来园区绿色发展新路径：(1)生态工业示范园区；(2)循环经济试点；(3)工业园区循环化改造

关键词：园区发展；园区物业；生态工业示范园区；循环经济试点；工业园区循环化改造

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从环保的产业链来看，节能减排和污染治理都具备确定的政策红利和发展机遇，看好环保行业收购合并带来的规模和盈利的成长能力。给予环保行业“推荐”的评级。十八届三中全会首次提出“生态文明体制改革”，“对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计”、“建立生态环境损害责任终身追究制”等措施体现了中央保护生态环境的决心。环保行业的发展已上升为国家战略。政府明确提出用制度保护生态环境，加强对环境的治理，我们认为，在改革和制度红利的引领下，节能环保将成为始终中优势的投资方向，环保行业将长期受益于生态文明建设的政策红利。

关键词：环保；产业链；节能减排；污染治理；生态文明体制改革

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本刊以七大战略性新兴产业——节能环保、新一代信息技术、生物、高端装备制造、新能源、新材料、新能源汽车为研究重点，关注国家高层和各部委的动态，剖析国家和地方的新兴产业政策。本刊设有政策导读、领导讲话、七大战略性新兴产业本周国内外行业动态和重点企业新闻、投资专题四大板块，能够实时监测新兴产业和重点企业动态，把握新兴产业发展方向，研究发展重点，寻求发展机遇。

关键词：节能环保；新一代信息技术；生物；高端装备制造；新能源；新材料；新能源汽车

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This section describes the manner in which the U.S. military is organized to carry out its missions, how the military uses contractors to perform many essential services during contingency operations, and the existing air quality in Afghanistan and Iraq.

关键词：Afghanistan；Solid wastes；Erosive burning；Health；Toxicity；Combustion；Air quality；Waste management；Burning rate；Emergencies；Recycled materials；Iraq；Documents

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Our paper compares external effects of two municipal solid waste disposal technologies, bioreactor and dry tomb landfills, in a 600-year time- horizon using two different discounting techniques: Constant conventional discounting and Generation Adjusted Discounting (GAD). The paper starts with a short description of the basic characteristics of the two landfill-types. To demonstrate the sustainability deficiencies of constant discounting sustainability gaps are defined and calculated. Reference case for these calculations is the GAD which takes into account the basic requirements of sustainable development, namely inter-generational equity. Our calculations show that constant discounting usually uses too high discount rates to be in accordance with fundamental sustainability criteria leading to biased political suggestions. However, our approach is not solely restricted to landfills. It could be used as a guide to quickly check whether the results of social cost- benefit analyses of long-term public projects are in accordance with fundamental sustainability criteria.

关键词：Solid wastes；Comparison；Reactor operation；Costs；Germany；Waste management；Landfills；Municipalities

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One of the technologies being tested at Ames Research Center as part of the logistics and repurposing project is heat melt compaction (HMC) of solid waste to reduce volume, remove water and render a biologically stable and safe product. Studies at Kennedy Space Center have focused on the efficacy of the heat melt compaction process for killing microorganisms in waste and specific compacter operation protocols, i.e., time and temperature required to achieve a sterile, stable product. The work. reported here includes a controlled study to examine the survival and potential re-growth of specific microorganisms over a 6-month period of storage after heating and compaction. Before heating and compaction, ersatz solid wastes were inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, previously isolated from recovered space shuttle mission food and packaging waste. Compacted HMC tiles were sampled for microbiological analysis at time points between 0 and 180 days of storage in a controlled environment chamber. In addition, biological indicator strips containing spores of Bacillus atrophaeus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were imbedded in trash to assess the efficacy of the HMC process to achieve sterilization. Analysis of several tiles compacted at 180deg C for times of 40 minutes to over 2 hours detected organisms in all tile samples with the exception of one exposed to 180deg C for approximately 2 hours. Neither of the inoculated organisms was recovered, and the biological indicator strips were negative for growth in all tiles indicating at least local sterilization of tile areas. The findings suggest that minimum time/temperature combination is required for complete sterilization. Microbial analysis of tiles processed at lower temperatures from 130 deg C-150 deg C at varying times will be discussed, as well as analysis of the bacteria and fungi present on the compactor hardware as a result of exposure to the waste and the surrounding environment. The two organisms inoculated into the waste were among those isolated and identified from the HMC surfaces indicating the possibility of cross contamination.

关键词：固体废物；热处理；废物处理；环境工程

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This report investigated the potential of using municipal solid waste (MSW) to make synthesis gas (syngas) suitable for production of liquid fuels. Issues examined include: MSW physical and chemical properties affecting its suitability as a gasifier feedstock and for liquid fuels synthesis expected process scale required for favorable economics the availability of MSW in quantities sufficient to meet process scale requirements the state-of-the-art of MSW gasification technology.

关键词：Minicipal wastes；Liquid fuels；Synthesis gas；Chemical properties；Physical properties；Production；Solid wastes；Availability

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