This section describes the manner in which the U.S. military is organized to carry out its missions, how the military uses contractors to perform many essential services during contingency operations, and the existing air quality in Afghanistan and Iraq.

关键词：Afghanistan；Solid wastes；Erosive burning；Health；Toxicity；Combustion；Air quality；Waste management；Burning rate；Emergencies；Recycled materials；Iraq；Documents

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Our paper compares external effects of two municipal solid waste disposal technologies, bioreactor and dry tomb landfills, in a 600-year time- horizon using two different discounting techniques: Constant conventional discounting and Generation Adjusted Discounting (GAD). The paper starts with a short description of the basic characteristics of the two landfill-types. To demonstrate the sustainability deficiencies of constant discounting sustainability gaps are defined and calculated. Reference case for these calculations is the GAD which takes into account the basic requirements of sustainable development, namely inter-generational equity. Our calculations show that constant discounting usually uses too high discount rates to be in accordance with fundamental sustainability criteria leading to biased political suggestions. However, our approach is not solely restricted to landfills. It could be used as a guide to quickly check whether the results of social cost- benefit analyses of long-term public projects are in accordance with fundamental sustainability criteria.

关键词：Solid wastes；Comparison；Reactor operation；Costs；Germany；Waste management；Landfills；Municipalities

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One of the technologies being tested at Ames Research Center as part of the logistics and repurposing project is heat melt compaction (HMC) of solid waste to reduce volume, remove water and render a biologically stable and safe product. Studies at Kennedy Space Center have focused on the efficacy of the heat melt compaction process for killing microorganisms in waste and specific compacter operation protocols, i.e., time and temperature required to achieve a sterile, stable product. The work. reported here includes a controlled study to examine the survival and potential re-growth of specific microorganisms over a 6-month period of storage after heating and compaction. Before heating and compaction, ersatz solid wastes were inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, previously isolated from recovered space shuttle mission food and packaging waste. Compacted HMC tiles were sampled for microbiological analysis at time points between 0 and 180 days of storage in a controlled environment chamber. In addition, biological indicator strips containing spores of Bacillus atrophaeus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were imbedded in trash to assess the efficacy of the HMC process to achieve sterilization. Analysis of several tiles compacted at 180deg C for times of 40 minutes to over 2 hours detected organisms in all tile samples with the exception of one exposed to 180deg C for approximately 2 hours. Neither of the inoculated organisms was recovered, and the biological indicator strips were negative for growth in all tiles indicating at least local sterilization of tile areas. The findings suggest that minimum time/temperature combination is required for complete sterilization. Microbial analysis of tiles processed at lower temperatures from 130 deg C-150 deg C at varying times will be discussed, as well as analysis of the bacteria and fungi present on the compactor hardware as a result of exposure to the waste and the surrounding environment. The two organisms inoculated into the waste were among those isolated and identified from the HMC surfaces indicating the possibility of cross contamination.

关键词：固体废物；热处理；废物处理；环境工程

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This report investigated the potential of using municipal solid waste (MSW) to make synthesis gas (syngas) suitable for production of liquid fuels. Issues examined include: MSW physical and chemical properties affecting its suitability as a gasifier feedstock and for liquid fuels synthesis expected process scale required for favorable economics the availability of MSW in quantities sufficient to meet process scale requirements the state-of-the-art of MSW gasification technology.

关键词：Minicipal wastes；Liquid fuels；Synthesis gas；Chemical properties；Physical properties；Production；Solid wastes；Availability

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

关键词：Solid wastes Composts Military facilities Waste disposal Waste management

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A novel sensor buoy platform was developed for detailed environmental monitoring of coastal areas. Using many buoys in a mesh network on low power ZigBee basis allows dramatic reduction of the overall power consumption, enabling an autonomous operation on a single battery set over 3y. Each buoy acts as sensor node but also as router forwarding messages from neighbor buoys to a centralized server. Thus special attention had to be directed to network synchronization and the handling of processor sleep states. One -wire temperature sensors were used for temperate profiling. Moreover the platform is equipped with several analog and digital inputs allowing the connection of additional sensor and sensor systems. The fist buoy network was designed based on 2.5 GHz RF modules (Atmels ATmegal281 together with the AVR Z-Link AT86RF230). According the specifications of the manufacturer under perfect conditions the maximum transmission range is about 4km. A maximum buoy to buoy distance of approximately 400m could be achieved. Instead of 2.5 GHz technology the final version of the buoys was then equipped with 868 MHz transceivers. A buoy to buoy distance of 3km was possible.

关键词：环境监测；无线平台

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In this dissertation, the principle and value of data fusion are studied, and the existent typical touting protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). A kind of wireless sensor network data fusion algorithm based on the routing protocol LEACH is proposed, which is combines LEACH agreement with the hierarchical structure of the adaptive weighting combination. The hierarchy structure of each cluster design for an adaptive weighted model, through the adaptive weighted method from the sensor node of raw data acquisition to extract characteristic data, then will feature the data sent to converge node. We show by simulation that the algorithm has good data fusion efficiency, especially suitable for periodic report types of wireless sensor network.

关键词：环境监测；多传感器；数据融合

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It is therefore extremely important to use biomarkers towards the prevention of events that are harmful both to man and ecosystems. Biomarkers and bioindica-tors could be used also as potential tools for environmental quality assessement during judicial proceedings. One biomarker alone might not be sufficient to monitor the environmental quality. In general, it is necessary to have a battery of biomarkers allowing the evaluation of the physiological integrity of all species present in a given ecosystem. Batteries of biomarkers should be capable to assess the toxic effects of the highest possible number of environmental contaminants [73]. Generally, biomarkers do not show one single dose-response relationship but a number of dose-response relationships that are the result of all possible interactions of all contaminants present in the ecosystem under study. So, battery of biomarkers allows to determine at what level of structural complexity a given response to a toxic compound in a given ecosystem occurs. In brief, the multiple response concept shows that through biomarkers it is possible to determine the "health level" of the population studied. The change in the homoeostasis present in an ecosystem trigger off a series of compensatory mechanism both at the biochemical and the physiological level. These mechanisms tend to restore the initial homoeostatic situation. The more toxic concentrations or time of exposure increase the more the responses turn out to be insufficient with subsequent occurrence of other responses at higher levels all the way up to significant phenomena, such as bacterial infections, parasitism, car-cinogenesis and finally the death of the organisms

关键词：环境监测；生物标记物

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The purpose of Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) environmental surveillance is to characterize radiological and nonradiological conditions of the off-site environs and estimate public doses related to these conditions, confirm estimations of public dose based on effluent monitoring data, and, where appropriate, provide supplemental data to support compliance monitoring for applicable environmental regulations. This environmental monitoring plan (EMP) is intended to document the rationale, frequency, parameters, and analytical methods for the ORR environmental surveillance program and provides information on ORR site characteristics, environmental pathways, dose assessment methods, and quality management. ORR-wide environmental monitoring activities include a variety of media including air, surface water, vegetation, biota, and wildlife. In addition to these activities, site-specific effluent, groundwater, and best management monitoring programs are conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), the Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12), and the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP).

关键词：环境监测；ORR

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In this chapter we target the problem of monitoring an environment with a team of mobile robots having on board video-cameras and fixed stereo cameras available within the environment. Current research regards homogeneous robots, whereas in this chapter we study highly heterogeneous systems and consider the problem of patrolling an area with a dynamic set of agents. The system presented in the chapter provides enhanced multi-robot coordination and vision-based activity monitoring techniques. The main objective is the integration and development of coordination techniques for multi-robot environment coverage, with the goal of maximizing the quality of information gathered from a given area thus, implementing a Heterogeneous mobile and reconfigurable multi-camera video-surveillance system.

关键词：环境监测；机器人

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