The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed a year 2007 air quality modeling platform in support of the Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards. The air quality modeling platform consists of all of the emissions inventories, ancillary files needed for emissions modeling, and the meteorological, initial condition, and boundary condition files needed to run the air quality model. This platform uses all Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) and a select set of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). This document focuses on the emissions modeling components of the 2007 platform, including the emission inventories and the ancillary data and the approaches used to transform emission inventories for use in air quality modeling.

关键词：空气污染控制；空气质量；废气排放

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This project was motivated by the continuing need to improve ambient air quality. As of December 2012, more than 74 million Americans live in areas that violate the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for fine particulate matter (or PM2.5). Organic aerosol often contributes between 30 and 60% of ambient fine particulate matter. However, the sources of ambient organic aerosols are not well understood and state-of-the-art chemical transport models often underpredict the measured organic aerosol concentrations by a factor of 2 or more. Better understanding of the sources of organic aerosols may be needed for the development of effective control strategies. This report describes results from a three-phase test program that characterized the emissions from on-road gasoline vehicles, on-road diesel vehicles, and small off-road engines. The overarching goal of the project was to investigate the atmospheric transformations of mobile source emissions to better quantify their contribution to ambient PM levels in other words to link tailpipe to ambient. This was done by characterizing the tailpipe emissions from in-use sources and by investigating the atmospheric evolution of the emissions using dilution tunnels and smog chambers.

关键词：气溶胶；空气质量；柴油燃料；排放控制

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It is well established that GHG emissions must be reduced by 50% to 80% by 2050 in order to limit global temperature increase to 2DGC. Achieving reductions of this magnitude in the transportation sector is a challenge and requires a multitude of policies and technology options. The research presented here analyzes three scenarios: changes in the perceived price of travel, land-use intensification, and increases in transit. Elasticity estimates are derived using an activity-based travel model for the state of California and broadly representative of the U.S. The VISION model is used to forecast changes in technology and fuel options that are currently forecast to occur in the U.S., providing a life cycle GHG forecast for the road transportation sector. Results suggest that aggressive policy action is needed, especially pricing policies, but also more on the technology side. Medium- and heavy-duty vehicles are in particular need of additional fuel or technology-based GHG reductions.

关键词：空气污染控制；航空；排放；能源需求

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Humans have intuitively understood the value of trees to their physical and mental health since the beginning of recorded time. A scientist with the Pacific Northwest Research Station wondered if such a link could be scientifically validated. His research team took advantage of an infestation of emerald ash borer, an invasive pest that kills ash trees, to conduct a study that gets closer to a definitive connection between the loss of trees and increased human mortality. Researchers analyzed data on demographics, tree loss from the emerald ash borer, and human mortality from lower respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease for 1990 through 2007. Results showed that the spread of the emerald ash borer across 15 states - first recorded in 2002 - was associated with an additional 15,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease and an additional 6,000 deaths from lower respiratory disease. Human mortality increased the longer emerald ash borer was present and killing trees. Deaths occurred at higher rates in wealthier counties, where more trees are typically found in urban areas. Although the study doesnt establish causation, it does suggest a link between trees and human health. This information can be applied to a range of fields including public health, urban forestry, and urban planning.

关键词：心脑血管疾病；死亡；人口

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The establishment of many facilities to power the growing business operational requirements has led to a rapid increase in power consumption as well as carbon emissions.

关键词：美国；绿色数据中心；环保；节能；设施

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Years of sediment accumulation and dry conditions in recent years have led to the decline of water levels and capacities for many water-supply reservoirs in Missouri, and have caused renewed interest in modernizing outdated area/capacity tables for these reservoirs. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, surveyed the bathymetry of the four water-supply reservoirs used by the city of Cameron, Missouri, in July 2013. The data were used to provide water managers with area/capacity tables and bathymetric maps of the reservoirs at the time of the surveys.

关键词：校准；化学分析；铜硫化物；二丙二醇；发射光谱法

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A reluctance to switch to electric vehicles is observed in various countries despite national efforts to promote them. The question of whether electric cars are capable of meeting daily mobility requirements in Germany is investigated. The analysis is based on data from the German Mobility Panel Survey from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of 2009 and 2010 for the Stuttgart, Germany, area and combines a long-term travel behavior analysis with a region-specific verification. The focus is on individuals who exclusively drive a car and walk during the day and who rely on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group, the determinants of the decision to drive an internal combustion engine vehicle versus a battery electric vehicle (BEV) are analyzed, with a focus on driving range and energy costs. Results of the analysis suggest that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars and that charging them only at night would be sufficient in most cases. Therefore, the driving range of BEVs cannot be the restricting factor. In contrast, the current cost structure of BEVs (high investment cost, low energy cost) is not favorable for the large share of drivers with low annual mileage because the high investment cost is not compensated for by low operation costs. In the Stuttgart region, drivers from the suburbs would benefit most from such energy cost savings; however, city dwellers would need other cost structures or incentives to switch to BEVs.

关键词：大气；旅游；能源

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Critical Issues in Aviation and the Environment 2014 consists of 12 individually authored sections, representing the authoring experts opinions on issues that address the major environmental components affected by aviation activities, sustainable solutions that have evolved and continue to be developed to minimize environmental impacts, and the key processes that link aviation and the environment. As in past versions, the focus of this e-circular is on the state of science, rather than policy, and on identification of priority research with potential to yield benefits during the next several years to several decades. This e-circular focuses on research conducted in the United States, although international activities are discussed where public or private entities in this country are closely involved. A wide range of published and unpublished material, public information, and individual contributions was collected to prepare these papers, as noted in the additional resources at the end of each section. Due to scope constraints, the critical issues portions of each section do not necessarily address all potentially critical issues in a given field.

关键词：大气；空气污染；环境保护

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Workplace exposure to respirable crystalline silica can cause silicosis, a progressive lung disease marked by scarring and thickening of the lung tissue. Quartz is the most common form of crystalline silica. Crystalline silica is found in several construction materials, such as brick, block, mortar and concrete. Construction tasks that cut, break, grind, abrade, or drill those materials have been associated with overexposure to dust containing respirable crystalline silica. Fiber-cement products can contain as much as 50% crystalline silica, and cutting this material has been shown to cause excessive exposures to respirable crystalline silica. NIOSH scientists are conducting a study to develop engineering control recommendations for respirable crystalline silica from cutting fiber-cement siding. This site visit was part of that study.

关键词：大气；空气污染；环境保护

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With funds from this grant, Youngstown State University has purchased a Quantachrome iQ Chemisorption Analyzer and built a Chemical Reactor with Gas Chromatographer for catalyst characterization. PI has been involved in the purchase and installation of the instruments. The two new instruments were fully operational in the spring of 2013 and have so far been used for student research. For the research projects, we found that the nucleation and oxidation of Ce(OH)3 are critical steps which needs careful control in order to synthesize different morphological CeO2 nanocrystals. The combination of stirring and oxidation of suspension could destroy the nucleation and growth of Ce(OH)3, resulting in the formation of irregular CeO2 nanocrystals during the hydrothermal reactions. We demonstrated a general route for shape-controlled synthesis of CeO2 nanocrystals via mediation of the Ce(OH)3 seed before hydrothermal reactions. It was revealed that the shape of CeO2 support plays a critical role in metal-CeO2 catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation. Out of this project, six refereed and four proceeding papers were published, along with several oral presentations made by PI and students.

关键词：大气；汽车催化转换器；空气清洁

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