The overall purpose of this project was to identify, evaluate, select, develop, and test a suite of enhancements to the GoldSim software program, in order to make it a better tool for use in support of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) projects. The GoldSim software is a foundational tool used by scientists at NETL and at other laboratories and research institutions to evaluate system=level risks of proposed CCS projects.

关键词：大气；碳排放；碳转化

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Catalytic converters (CATCONs) are required by Federal law to be installed in nearly all gasoline- and diesel-fueled onroad vehicles used in the United States. About 85 percent of the light-duty vehicles and trucks manufactured worldwide are equipped with CATCONs (Ashok Kumar, Director, A1 Specialized Services & Supplies, Inc., written commun. July 10, 2012). These vehicles include buses, cars, light- and heavy-duty trucks, and motorcycles. Many offroad vehicles, such as trail bikes and all-terrain recreational vehicles, are also equipped with CATCONs, but offroad vehicles are not addressed in this paper (Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2008). Portions of the CATCONs (called monoliths) are recycled for their platinum-group metal (PGM) content and for the value of the stainless steel they contain. The cerium contained in the monoliths, however, is disposed of along with the slag produced from the recycling process. Although there is some smelter capacity in the United States to treat the monoliths in order to recover the PGMs, a great percentage of monoliths is exported to Europe and South Africa for recycling, and a lesser amount is exported to Japan. There is presently no commercial-scale capacity in place domestically to recover cerium from the monoliths. Recycling of cerium or cerium compounds from the monoliths could help ensure against possible global supply shortages by increasing the amount that is available in the supply chain as well as the number and geographic distribution of the suppliers. It could also reduce the amount of material that goes into landfills.

关键词：大气；稀有气体；空气污染

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Soils are a source of oxides of nitrogen (NO(sub x) = nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide), precursors for the production of ozone (O(sub 3)), an air pollutant in the troposphere. Production of nitric oxide (NO) occurs through soil microbial processes using ammonium from nitrogen fertilizer and manure inputs or soil mineral nitrogen (N). Emissions of NO(sub x) were measured in almond, alfalfa, tomato, wheat, and silage corn cropping systems during summer months to obtain estimates of NO(sub x) emissions that could potentially be used in regional models predicting O(sub 3) in the San Joaquin Valley. The lowest average NO(sub x) fluxes (40 g NO(sub x)-N ha(sup -1) h(sup -1)) were measured. These high NOx flux events are difficult to predict.

关键词：大气；土壤系统；种植策略

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Simultaneous separation of vapor and particles in industrial processes could be a key step toward manufacturing of high-quality goods. The separation is critical for successful measurement of volatile or semi-volatile aerosol particles.

关键词：大气；空气治理；空气质量

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The Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS) is used to mitigate traffic congestion along urban arterial corridors. Although there has been research on SCATS performance, this report combines three different areas of research about SCATS that are not known to be represented in any research literature. These include: (a) the relationship between SCATS, traffic volumes, and Transit Signal Priority (TSP); (b) between TSP and traffic conditions; and (c) the correlation between signal timing and air quality; in particular, human exposure to the air pollutant PM2.5 at intersections. In addition, this research looked at the key factors affecting transit user exposure to traffic-related pollutants at bus shelters. All areas of study present the results of statistical tests and regressions to determine SCATS or traffic variables impacts. SCATS did show statistically significant improvements regarding traffic speeds at one minor intersection, even when traffic volumes showed a statistically significant improvement. At a major intersection, results were mixed and not conclusive. Overall, it was determined that the improvements available through SCATS vary depending on the time of day and the direction of travel. TSP was not negatively affected by SCATS. In controlling for both priority and traffic conditions, each were shown to have a distinguished and significant impact on bus travel time. Non-priority signals had a much greater impact on travel time than priority signals (11.0 and 0.6 seconds for the corridor model, respectively).

关键词：大气；空气质量；防护

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In the Eastern Seaboard Intermodal Transportation Applications Center at Hampton University, we started an investigation of the air pollutants around heavily-travelled roadways, shipping channels, airports, and railroads with the purpose of obtaining real time measurements of pollutant concentrations and relating them to real-time weather and traffic information. In the first two cycles of our research program, we built a mobile unit containing a NOx and an ozone analyzer, and a weather station to provide simultaneous measurements of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and solar intensity with the concentration measurements. The measured NO2 concentrations were compared to the predictions of CALINE4. Considering the effects of PM2.5 on public health and the 2008 US Census Bureau report, which showed that around 16% of American households live within 100 m of a highway having four or more lanes, an instrument for the measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 were added to our measurement capabilities for the current research cycle.

关键词：大气；氮氧化物；臭氧

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Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology burns municipal solid waste (MSW) in an environmentally safe combustion system to generate electricity, provide district heat, and reduce the need for landfill disposal. While this technology has gained acceptance in Europe, it has yet to be commonly recognized as an option in the United States. Section 1 of this report provides an overview of WTE as a renewable energy technology and describes a high-level model developed to assess the feasibility of WTE at a site. Section 2 reviews results from previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of WTE, and then uses an LCA inventory tool to perform a screening-level analysis of cost, net energy production, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and conventional air pollution impacts of WTE for residual MSW in Boulder, Colorado. Section 3 of this report describes the federal regulations that govern the permitting, monitoring, and operating practices of MSW combustors and provides emissions limits for WTE projects.

关键词：大气；空气改善；空气治理

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This project examined the Montana DOTs current methods for determining projects for the Montana Air and Congestion Initiative (MACI) program, and made recommendations to improve and implement this program. A major project objective was to keep the program oriented towards high-value investments for Montana communities. Key project tasks included: (1) Determine the best use of Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds for each of Montanas transportation-related pollutants (2) Determine project recommendations that use highest cost to air quality benefit for long-term attainment (3) Determine needed funding and program policy changes (4) Identify areas prone to future transportation-related issues (5) Determine need for education in Montana communities on best practices to prevent nonattainment of transportation related pollutants One of the primary products of this research is a set of methods descriptions and MS Excel-based tools that are designed for MDT staff and other Montana agencies to use to estimate the air pollution emission reduct and the cost effectiveness of the new measures and projects that are being considered in the state.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气质量

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The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has released a report that discusses possible human exposure and environmental emissions associated with making and using concrete manufactured with baghouse filter dust.

关键词：大气；粉尘；混凝土防护

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Between September 18th and October 13th, 2012, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) researchers and the Silica/Milling-Machines Partnership coordinated by the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) conducted field testing of a local exhaust ventilation system (LEV) on a Roadtec RX600e cold milling machine. The tests included ten days of air sampling across seven different highway construction sites in Indiana. At each site, full-shift personal breathing zone samples for respirable crystalline silica were collected from the operator and ground man during the course of normal employee work activities of asphalt pavement milling.

关键词：大气；室外大气；空气污染

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