A greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is a systematic approach to account for the production and release of certain gases generated by an institution from various emission sources. The gases of interest are those that climate science has identified as related to anthropogenic global climate change. This document presents an inventory of GHGs generated during Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 by Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored entity, located in southeastern Idaho. In recent years, concern has grown about the environmental impact of GHGs. This, together with a desire to decrease harmful environmental impacts, would be enough to encourage the calculation of an inventory of the total GHGs generated at INL. Additionally, INL has a desire to see how its emissions compare with similar institutions, including other DOE national laboratories. Executive Order 13514 requires that federal agencies and institutions document reductions in GHG emissions.

关键词：大气；温室气体；全球变暖

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On April 15, 2011, NIOSH received an employee request regarding headaches, fatigue, weakness, fever, chills, flu-like symptoms, shortness of breath, coughing, chronic sinusitis, sore throat, burning eyes, and difficulty concentrating in a water-damaged building. In June 2011, NIOSH investigators conducted a site visit. The majority of employees reported building-related symptoms. We found evidence of water damage inside the building and mold inside supply air ducts of two air handlers. Vacuumed carpet dust samples collected during the site visit showed a high burden of culturable fungi and bacteria. We provided a number of recommendations for remediation including addressing causes of water damage and replacing contaminated carpet and ductwork. Building management replaced two rooftop air handling units and some ductwork. The carpet was steam cleaned. Some building occupants continued to have symptoms, and the accounting company relocated to another building.

关键词：大气；室内空气；空气质量

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A miniature sensor probe, composed of four sensors which monitor the partial pressure of O2, CO2, H2O, and temperature, designed to operate in the portable life support system (PLSS), has been demonstrated. 

关键词：大气；气体探测；环境保护

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The welding process results in the formation of high concentrations of nano-sized particles loaded with toxic metals such as hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn). Welding fumes pose serious health risks to welders because fumes can cause respiratory and neurological ailments as well as cancer. Tightened occupational standards require an exposure reduction of at least 90% that is not satisfied by current control technologies. There is also potential public concern about the environmental risks associated with the release of welding fumes into ambient air.The overall objective of this demonstration was to develop an innovative silica precursor technology that can limit the oxidation of chromium by quenching oxygen species and coating metal particles in welding fumes with a thin, amorphous silica layer. An additional objective was to assess the benefit of increased particle size distribution. The demonstration verified the feasibility and practicality of implementing silica precursor technology into DOD welding operations.Silica precursor technology was demonstrated to be an effective means of controlling metal emissions in welding fumes. The two-fold approach of limiting oxidation potential and coating metal particles with an amorphous silica layer goes beyond previous control technologies by addressing all the toxic metals,regardless of their oxidation state. This project demonstrated, through both a laboratory study and field tests, the benefits of adding silica precursor during the welding process.

关键词：大气；硅添加剂；有害空气

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This is the final report for the closure of the research tasks on the project that have performed during the entire reporting period in the University of Illinois. It contains a summary of the achievements and details of key results as well as the future plan for this project to be continued in the University of Maryland.

关键词：大气；空气质量；天气预报

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This document contains 9 papers that study algorithmic development and preliminary testing of an ecodrive application; comparative analysis of car-following models for emissions estimations; comparisons of locomotive emissions during dynamometer versus rail yard engine load tests; the ratio of in-vehicle to near-vehicle exposure concentrations of airborne fine particles; and, emission benefits of commercial vehicle lane management strategies. This issue also studies environmentally conscious highway design for vertical grades; a fuel consumption prediction model for buses; discretionary passenger vehicle idling behaviors by season and trip stage; and, a statistical study of variables associated with particulate matter exposure levels at bus shelters.

关键词：大气；空气报告；交通拥挤

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This study is composed of the following sections: (1) collection and measurement of ambient fine particles during the intensive field campaign, (2) factor analysis for source apportionment, (3) identifying particle clusters using cluster analysis, and (4) studying formation mechanisms of the SOA components. We measured chemical composition of submicron particle mass (PM1) and sub 2.5 micron particle mass (PM2.5) using a set of complementary, ensemble, and single particle analysis techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge absorption fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to extract major components that contributed to the organic mass. Cluster analysis applied to the ensemble infrared spectra, the single-particle mass, and NEXAFS spectra separated particles into several groups, each of which has characteristics of distinct sources or atmospheric processes. By showing the consistency of particle source types (from factor analysis) and clusters, we indicate that SOA accounts for a major fraction of fine particle mass. Based on the composition and diurnal cycle of the SOA components and their relationships with potential atmospheric oxidants, formation mechanisms of the SOA components were estimated.

关键词：大气；碳氧化合物；空气污染

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The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has released a report that discusses possible human exposure and environmental emissions associated with making and using concrete manufactured with baghouse filter dust.

关键词：大气；粉尘；混凝土防护

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On April 15, 2011, NIOSH received an employee request regarding headaches, fatigue, weakness, fever, chills, flu-like symptoms, shortness of breath, coughing, chronic sinusitis, sore throat, burning eyes, and difficulty concentrating in a water-damaged building. In June 2011, NIOSH investigators conducted a site visit. The majority of employees reported building-related symptoms. We found evidence of water damage inside the building and mold inside supply air ducts of two air handlers. Vacuumed carpet dust samples collected during the site visit showed a high burden of culturable fungi and bacteria. We provided a number of recommendations for remediation including addressing causes of water damage and replacing contaminated carpet and ductwork. Building management replaced two rooftop air handling units and some ductwork. The carpet was steam cleaned. Some building occupants continued to have symptoms, and the accounting company relocated to another building.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气质量

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The objective of this study was to determine the impact of early life episodic ozone and particulate matter (PM) exposure on parameters of immunity that affect responses to infectious disease and lung function. We investigated a cohort of 50 California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC) outdoor colony rhesus monkeys that were born within three months prior to the Trinity and Humboldt County wildfires of June/July 2008. We hypothesized that combined ozone and wildfire PM(sub 2.5) exposure during early life would result in detrimental effects on immunity and lung physiology. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a nonterminal and minimally invasive study in three-year old adolescent monkeys exposed to combined ozone and wildfire PM(sub 2.5) as infants by (1) evaluation of the peripheral blood response to microbial ligands and (2) measurement of lung mechanics. Compared with a cohort of 50 age-matched control monkeys, peripheral blood cells from exposed animals showed reduced cytokine synthesis when cultured with microbial ligands. Increased airways hyperresponsiveness and reduced lung compliance correlated with reduced peripheral blood cell cytokine synthesis in exposed female animals (less response to microbial challenge). We conclude that early life exposure to combined ozone and wildfire PM(sub 2.5) can result in immune and lung function decrements that persist with maturity. In addition, CNPRC rhesus monkeys could serve as biologic sentinels for chronic human health effects of ambient air pollution.

关键词：大气；空气质量；免疫

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