This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

关键词：大气；有害污染物；节能

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The Annual Energy Outlook 2013 (AEO2013) included several alternative cases in which hypothetical carbon dioxide (CO2) emission fees were imposed on fossil fuel consumers on an economy-wide basis.

关键词：大气；空气污染；二氧化碳

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Lawmakers could increase federal revenues and encourage reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) by establishing a carbon tax, which would either tax those emissions directly or tax fuels that release CO2 when they are burned (fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas). Emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere and contribute to climate changea long-term and potentially very costly global problem. The effects of a carbon tax on the U.S. economy would depend on how the revenues from the tax were used. Options include using the revenues to reduce budget deficits, to decrease existing marginal tax rates (the rates on an additional dollar of income), or to offset the costs that a carbon tax would impose on certain groups of people. This study examines how a carbon tax, combined with those alternative uses of the revenues, might affect the economy and the environment.

关键词：大气；碳税；经济

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The U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) operates the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) and North Las Vegas Facility (NLVF). From 1951 through 1992, the NNSS was the continental testing location for U.S. nuclear weapons. The release of radionuclides from NNSS activities has been monitored since the initiation of atmospheric testing. Limitation to underground detonations after 1962 greatly reduced radiation exposure to the public surrounding the NNSS. After nuclear testing ended in 1992, NNSS radiation monitoring focused on detecting airborne radionuclides from historically contaminated soils. These radionuclides are derived from re-suspension of soil (primarily by wind) and emission of tritium-contaminated soil moisture through evapotranspiration. Low amounts of legacy-related tritium are also emitted to air at the NLVF, an NNSS support complex in North Las Vegas. To protect the public from harmful levels of man-made radiation, the Clean Air Act, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) (Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 61 Subpart H) (CFR 2010a) limits the release of radioactivity from a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facility to that which would cause 10 millirem per year (mrem/yr) effective dose equivalent to any member of the public. This limit does not include radiation unrelated to NNSS activities. Unrelated doses could come from naturally occurring radioactive elements, from sources such as medically or commercially used radionuclides, or from sources outside of the United States, such as the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan in 2011.

关键词：大气；空气污染物；排放标准

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To address the air pollution diffusing problem,a visualization algorithm based on fluid diffusion physical model and volume rendering is proposed to simulate the diffusion process epically for the urgent pollution accidents.The diffusion model is based on the simplified heat diffusion equation and the basic vortex constraint.The texture mapping based volume rendering method is adapted to handle the visualization algorithm.In addition,the render process adopts the GPU to implement the real-time visualization rendering.

关键词：大气；空气污染；可视化

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In accordance with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 'Interim Guidance Update on Mobile Source Air Toxic Analysis in NEPA Documents (September 30, 2009),' transportation projects subject to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) must include an analysis of mobile source air toxics (MSATs). MSATs are air pollutants emitted by mobile sources that can cause serious health effects. Of a group of 93 MSAT compounds, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified seven compounds with significant contributions from mobile sources that are among the national and regional-scale cancer risk drivers from their 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). These seven compounds consist of acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, diesel particulate matter plus diesel exhaust organic gases (diesel PM), formaldehyde, naphthalene, and polycyclic organic matter. FHWA classifies these seven compounds as the 'priority MSATs,' recognizing that this list is subject to change. The objectives of this project are to: (1) propose a 'screening' protocol that will facilitate the decision making process regarding which projects warrant MSAT assessment; (2) develop procedures (in consultation with regulatory agencies) for conducting qualitative and quantitative analyses of the seven priority MSATs in NYSDOT NEPA and SEQRA environmental documents; and (3) identify feasible MSAT mitigation measures for NYSDOT capital improvement projects and facilities. The work involves 10 separate tasks, including a guidance document for conducting MSAT assessments for projects that fall within NEPA/SEQRA.

关键词：大气；有毒气体；防护

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This report surveys existing law for legal issues that have arisen, or may arise in the future, on account of climate change and government responses thereto. At the threshold of many climate-change-related lawsuits are two barrierswhether the plaintiff has standing to sue and whether the claim being made presents a political question. Both barriers have forced courts to apply amorphous standards in a new and complex context.

关键词：大气；法律转变；气候变化

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On February 18, 2014, President Obama directed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a second round of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and fuel economy standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The standards, which will affect trucks beginning with the 2019 model year, are to be proposed by March 2015 and finalized a year later. The standards will be the fourth set of GHG emission standards for mobile sources.

关键词：汽车；清洁空气法案（CAA）；气候；环境保护署

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According to the NRC and the USGCRP, changes in the earth's climate--including higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, rising sea levels, and increases in the severity and frequency of severe weather events--are under way and expected to grow more severe over time. These impacts present significant risks to the nation's energy infrastructure. Economic losses arising from weather-related events--including floods, droughts, and storms--have been large and are increasing, according to USGCRP. Adaptation--an adjustment to natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climate change--is a risk-management strategy to help protect vulnerable sectors and communities that might be affected by climate change. GAO was asked to examine the vulnerability of the nation's energy infrastructure to climate change impacts. This report examines: (1) what is known about potential impacts of climate change on U.S. energy infrastructure; (2) measures that can reduce climate-related risks and adapt energy infrastructure to climate change; and (3) the role of the federal government in adapting energy infrastructure and adaptation steps selected federal entities have taken. GAO reviewed climate change assessments; analyzed relevant studies and agency documents; and interviewed federal agency officials and industry stakeholders, including energy companies at four sites that have implemented adaptive measures.

关键词：气候变化；适应；干旱；能源；控制器

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关键词：水处理市场；互联网+；智能净水行业

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