The global push toward electrification and fuel economy is leading to ever-stringent emissions norms. oThis has resulted in some regions already committing to ICE bans. oSome regions are still working toward specific commitments

历史经验表明能源革命会给大国发展带来战略机遇。中国在能源定价权缺失的背景下，应抓住第三次能源革命的历史机遇。本次能源革命表现出能源供给多元化、能源消费低碳化、能源贸易东移化、地缘格局复杂化以及能源定价期货化等特征。中国应该从价格的影响时效、影响强度以及影响范围等三个层面创建能源基准价格的形成机制。基于多变量时间序列单方向因果测度模型考察中国争取石油定价权的真实进程，给出先东亚、再亚洲、然后是世界的定价权争取路径，建议中国油价应该在东亚地区形成优势性机制、在亚洲形成长期性机制、在世界范围内形成优势性和公认性机制。

Green hydrogen is made from regenerative energy sources through water electrolysis. With the help of electric current, water is divided into oxygen and hydrogen in an electrolyzer and grey hydrogen derived from fossil fuels is differentiated (such as natural gas). Hydrogen is safe for atmosphere and can be stored and converted into electricity or heat as required. Green hydrogen is a major component of energy equation and hydrogen is regarded as a primary potential renewable energy resource. It is one of the most important circular carbon economy (CCE) approaches as it is generated using solar energy. It is generated using renewable energy sources as compared to carbon-based energy found in natural gas and other fossil fuels.>

The accelerating pace of electric vehicle adoption has changed the EV ecosystem and has resulted in a challenging EV infrastructure over the past few years. During the forecast period, different scenarios or business models are important to consider and understand the factors that are beneficial or harmful to the EV ecosystem. The EV charging ecosystem depends on four main dimensions – technology, penetration of electric vehicles, regulatory environments, and customer expectation.

我国拥有全球最大的能源系统，也是最大的煤炭生产和消费国。“相对富煤、油气不足”是我国资源禀赋，由此产生了煤、油、气和非化石能源“一大三小”的能源生产结构。大规模的煤炭开发利用是我国能源行业目前最突出的特点，也是我国温室气体排放的主要来源。2020年煤炭相关产业二氧化碳的排放量是76亿吨，占我国总排放量的77%左右。由于之前煤炭在中国工业和国民经济发展中起到保障性作用，是中国能源安全的基础，所以我们曾经投入了上百亿用于煤炭的基础设施建设。这些基础设施不仅规模大、投资大，而且发展周期长，转型也是相当困难。因此能源革命也意味着煤炭行业要革自己的命。

发展中国家是未来电力消费的重要增长点。随着世界各国对气候协定的落实和“碳中和”目标的提出，发展中国家向可再生能源实现跨越式发展以避免气候危机至关重要。根据国际能源署对能源的分类，可再生能源包括太阳能、风能、水能、生物质能、地热能和潮汐能等。本文主要从发展中国家（不含中国）的太阳能和风能的发展现状、利用案例出发，分析发展中国家如何实现可再生能源跨越式发展。

根据生产应用环节不同，电价包括不同内容。电力从生产到应用，其 链条包括发电、输电、配电以及用电等环节。根据生产应用环节的不 同，电价也分为上网电价、输配电价以及销售电价。其中，上网电价 对应发电环节，输配电价对应输电、配电环节，销售电价对应用电环 节。