Grid-connected photovoltaic installations grew by 40in 2009 compared with installations in 2008. California and New Jersey have the largest markets. Growth occurred in the residential and utility markets, but non-residential customer-sited installations did not change compared with the installations in 2008. Two small solar thermal electric plants were connected to the grid in 2009 with a combined capacity of 7 MW. The future prospects for solar thermal electric plants look bright, although developers are not expected to complete any new large plants until at least 2011. Solar water heating and solar space heating annual installations grew by 40in 2008 compared with 2007. Hawaii, California, Puerto Rico, and Florida dominate this market. Solar pool heating annual installation capacity fell by 1in 2008 following a dramatic decline of 15in solar pool heating capacity in 2007 compared with 2006. Florida and California are the largest markets for solar pool heating. The economic decline in the real estate markets in Florida and California likely led to the decrease in pool installations and thus the dramatic decline in capacity installed of solar pool systems in 2007.

关键词：太阳能；发电厂；热水器；光伏电源

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The constraints on penetration of energy technologies are time and information, net energy, and capital cost. As D. Spreng (ORAU/IEA-78-22(R)) has pointed out, time, energy, and information constitute a triad: energy can be substituted for time, information can be substituted for energy. That energy can save time follows from irreversible thermodynamics, but the principle can be extended to the social sphere. Related to the energy/time exchange is the economic cost of intermittency of energy supply. Renewable energy sources, particularly solar sources, are characteristically intermittent. To eliminate intermittency imposes a cost that must be considered in planning energy futures based on renewable sources. Two other constraints on penetration of energy technologies - net energy and capital cost - are briefly considered. As for net energy, estimates of energy paybacks for solar thermal electric converters differ by factors of three; this introduces large uncertainties in the energy subsidy required for this technology. As for capital cost, the Peterka theory of technological change is shown to place limits on the amount of subsidy required to introduce a new energy technology

关键词：新能源；可再生能源；能源发展

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Solar energy has become a major alternative for supplying a substantial fraction of the nation's future energy needs. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supports activities ranging from the demonstration of existing technology to research on future possibilities. At Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), projects are in progress that span a wide range of activities, with the emphasis on research to extend the scientific basis for solar energy applications, and on preliminary development of new approaches to solar energy conversion.

关键词：太阳能；材料科学；能量储存；含油饱和度

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The complete annual report for 1977 gives information on supported projects in the Program for Energy Research and Technologies, 1977--1980 of the Federal Government excluding projects relating to nuclear energy and fusion research; it is broken down into three subprograms: (1) efficient use of energy in application and in secondary energy; (2) coal and other fossil sources of primary energy; (3) new sources of energy. This document presents only subprogram (3), new sources of energy, as excerpted from the overall annual report, namely: development of new energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy) through ascertaining energy availability and its regional distribution; development of technologies for use and conversion; and demonstration of technical and economic feasibility. Ninety-four projects are described, including objectives, funding, and status. Additional information on the projects is included in appendix.

关键词：太阳能；新能源；地热能源；波浪发电

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In 2008, wind energy enjoyed another record-breaking year of industry growth. By installing 8,358 megawatts (MW) of new generation during the year, the U.S. wind energy industry took the lead in global installed wind energy capacity with a total of 25,170 MW. According to initial estimates, the new wind projects completed in 2008 account for about 40of all new U.S. power-producing capacity added last year. The wind energy industrys rapid expansion in 2008 demonstrates the potential for wind energy to play a major role in supplying our nation with clean, inexhaustible, domestically produced energy while bolstering our nations economy. To explore the possibilities of increasing winds role in our national energy mix, government and industry representatives formed a collaborative to evaluate a scenario in which wind energy supplies 20of U.S. electricity by 2030. In July 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) published the results of that evaluation in a report entitled 20Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energys Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply. According to the report, the United States has more than 8,000 gigawatts (GW ) of available land-based wind resources that could be captured economically. In the early release of its Annual Energy Outlook 2009, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that U.S. electricity consumption will grow from 3,903 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 2007 to 4,902 billion kWh in 2030, increasing at an average annual rate of 1. To meet 20of that demand, U.S. wind power capacity would have to reach more than 300 GW (300,000 MW). This growth represents an increase of more than 275 GW within 21 years. Although achieving 20wind energy will have significant economic, environmental, and energy security benefits, to make it happen the industry must overcome significant challenges.

关键词：新能源；风力发电；电能；水电技术

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The realization of the direct relationship between energy prices and economic development provides new opportunities for energy management to encourage business and industrial development in an urban economy. One such opportunity is the concept of an energy park, defined as a site for industrial, commercial and residential uses which can share common energy production facilities or otherwise stabilize energy supplies and costs using a variety of approaches. These approaches may be directed toward the development of new energy sources, improved energy conversion technologies or advanced conservation practices, with any approach complemented by energy-efficient site plan layouts. The Kansas City Energy Park project described in this report evaluated the potential for energy management technologies to attract business and industrial development within a well-designed energy park. The process for the project included: an assessment of Kansas City's resources and needs from a general economic development perspective and in relation to the development of one or more energy parks; the identification of sites, technologies, and business and industrial categories most appropriate for consideration for potential energy park development; the development of specific strategy options and planning guidelines for an energy park in Kansas City; and the formulation of a preliminary implementation plan for further action.

关键词：新能源；能源管理；经济节能

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光伏：向上周期明确，布局细分行业龙头与电站相关企业。空间大。新能源汽车：行业新发展，关注锂电与AGM电池。配网：分布式能源+新型城镇化→精选配网优质公司。

关键词：光伏；新能源汽车；配网

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2014年电网投资保持平稳增长。配网建设节奏加快，迎来投资高峰期。智能配网二次设备增长空间大。工控电力电子市场弱复苏，看好中低压产品进口替代。14年分布式光伏将爆发式增长。锂电：期待新能源汽车市场快速发展。

关键词：电网投资；配网建设；智能配网；二次设备；工控电力；电子市场

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2013年，我国宏观经济延续了上年的小幅放缓走势，尽管经济增速保持在合理区间，但下行压力较大。受此影响，煤炭市场需求极度疲软，而煤炭产能快速释放、产能过剩已成为常态，进口量也在不断增加，严重冲击国内市场，恶化了我国煤炭销售市场环境，加剧了煤炭低价竞争局面。市场整体呈现出供需宽松、结构性过剩的明显特点，导致包括产地、港口和下游耗煤企业的全产业链各环节库存维持高位，市场景气程度持续偏冷，价格大幅下跌，行业利润快速下滑，煤炭企业经营面临前所未有的困难，不得不减产、限产。

关键词：煤炭；供求分析；问题与风险；趋势预测；政策解读；热点研究

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开展大用户直购电试点是电力体制改革和电力市场建设的重要内容，对构建多买方、多卖方市场竞争格局，发展和完善电力市场竞争机制，构建有效竞争的市场格局，丰富电力市场交易品种，促进合理电价机制的形成，推进相关法律法规建设和积累政策经验具有重要的促进作用。但是，受多种因素综合影响，从2002年大用户直购电试点的提出，到2004年直购电试点的启动，十多年来，直购电推进工作举步维艰，进展缓慢，与当初设定的目标相去甚远。2013年以来，随着相关政策的出台，大用户直购电再次引起广泛关注，并使得业界对我国新一轮电力体制改革寄予更多期待。本文将在对我国大用户直购电相关政策及发展现状进行梳理的基础上，对大用户直购电的制约因素进行分析，并提出相关建议，以期进一步促进大用户直购电工作健康有序开展，为后续电力改革铺路。

关键词：大用户直购电；电力体制改革；电力市场建设

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