The Texas Panhandle is regarded as the Cattle Feeding Capital of the World, producing 42of the fed beef cattle in the United States within a 200-mile radius of Amarillo generating more than 5 million tons of feedlot manure /year. Apart from feedlots, the Bosque River Region in Erath County, just north of Waco, Texas with about 110,000 dairy cattle in over 250 dairies, produces 1.8 million tons of manure biomass (excreted plus bedding) per year. While the feedlot manure has been used extensively for irrigated and dry land crop production, most dairies, as well as other concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), the dairy farms utilize large lagoon areas to store wet animal biomass. Water runoff from these lagoons has been held responsible for the increased concentration of phosphorus and other contaminates in the Bosque River which drains into Lake Wacothe primary source of potable water for Wacos 108,500 people.

关键词：生物质能；燃烧气化；可再生能源；燃料；热转换

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The study analyzes the potential market penetration in Arizona of various types of alternate energy vehicles. The market penetration is analyzed in terms of changes in the price of fuel, tax incentives, costs of conversion and consumer attitudes. Short term market penetration, in the absence of legal intervention, is expected to amount to a very small fraction of the total operating fleet of motor vehicles.

关键词：能源汽车；燃料；价格

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This chapter presents a step by step sizing procedure of High Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (HSPMSGs) for smart grid applications to be driven by micro-turbines. The final design offers significant reductions in both weight and volume in a power range of 5-500 kW. A rotor length to diameter ratio is used as an important design parameter. The results are depicted by 3D plot figures for sizing of a number of machines. The simulation of generators sizing is performed using MATLAB. Then; it proposes the optimized sizing of (HSPMSGs) for the same applications. Unconstrained minimization for total losses; constrained optimized total mass with bounded constraints is introduced: a genetic algorithm is formulated for efficiency maximization; in the second genetic problem formulation, attempt is made to obtain minimum mass machine sizing that is constrained by the non-linear constraint function of machine losses; and finally, an optimum torque per ampere genetic sizing is predicted. For all optimization processes, three optimizing variables are selected. The optimized and genetic results are depicted in three-dimensional figures for initial and detailed sizing. The simulation of generator sizing is performed using MATLAB Optimization Toolbox and its Genetic Algorithm. Finally, six analytical design example comparisons are introduced with study of rotor losses.

关键词：智能电网；智能电网系统；分级告诉微型发电机

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This chapter deals with hierarchical model predictive control (MPC) of smart grid systems. The design consists of a high-level MPC controller, a second level of so-called aggregators, which reduces the computational and communication-related load on the high-level control, and a lower level of autonomous consumers. The control system is tasked with balancing electric power production and consumption within the smart grid, and makes active use of the flexibility of a large number of power producing and/or power consuming units. The load variations on the grid arise on one hand from varying consumption, and on the other hand from natural variations in power production from e.g. wind turbines. The consumers represent energy-consuming units such as heat pumps, car batteries etc. These units obviously have limits on how much power and energy they can consume at any given time, which impose constraints on the optimisation taking place at the higher levels of the control system. This chapter presents a novel method for computing the aggregated constraints without approximation, yielding better utilisation of the units when the load variations are large. The method is demonstrated through simulation of a smart grid containing consumers with very different characteristics. It is demonstrated how (he novel aggregation method makes it possible for the top level controller to treat all these as one big consumer, significantly simplifying the optimisation.

关键词：智能电网；控制聚合力量

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This thesis explores an application of a con-resistant trust mechanism to improve the performance of communications-based special protection systems to further enhance their effectiveness and resiliency. New initiatives in the energy sector are paving the way for the emergent communications-based smart grid technology. Smart grids incorporate modern technologies in an effort to be more reliable and efficient. However, with the benefits of this new technology comes added risk. This research utilizes a con-resistant trust mechanism as a method to quickly identify malicious or malfunctioning protection system nodes in order to mitigate the resulting instabilities in the smart grid. The feasibility and performance of this trust architecture is demonstrated through experiments comparing a simulated special protection system implemented with a con-resistant trust mechanism and without via an analysis of variance statistical model. The simulations yield positive results when implementing the con-resistant trust mechanism within the communications- based special protection system for the smart grid.

关键词：智能电网；Con-Resistant；应用程序

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This thesis presents the development and evaluation of a distributed agent based system using reputation based trust and game theoretic techniques to improve the defense of the future smart grid from cyber-attack and equipment malfunctions. Future smart grid capabilities promise to leverage network technologies to revolutionize the production, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical power. However, the internet like communication also increase the power grid's vulnerability to cyber-attack. This thesis uses simulation linking power systems with communication networks to demonstrate the benefits of a Distributed Decision Making Communication Enable Special Protection System (SPS) using reputation based trust and game theory to protect the power grid from malicious and non-malicious malfunctions. The simulations show that a distributed approach to SPS load shedding successfully maintains power grid stability after an electrical disturbance while using reputation based trust to defend the load shedding from cyber-attack and equipment malfunction. Additional simulations demonstrate the application of game theory to defend the SPS load shedding process when available resources prevent the monitoring and defense of every part of the power grid. The demonstrated capability increases the resiliency of the power grid by preventing uncontrolled blackouts through detection and mitigation of attacks, improving the system's reliability.

关键词：智能电网；智能电网防御；博弈论

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A key mission of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) is conducting research and development to enhance the security and reliability of the nation's energy infrastructure. Improving the security of control systems, which enable the automated control of our energy production and distribution, is critical for protecting the energy infrastructure and the integral function that it serves. The DOE-OE Control Systems Security Program is actively pursuing advanced security solutions for control systems. The focus of this report is analyzing how, where, and what type of wireless communications are suitable for deployment in the electric power system and to inform implementers of their options in wireless technologies. The discussions in this report are applicable to enhancing both the communications infrastructure of the current electric power system and new smart system deployments.

关键词：电力系统；无线通信

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The report was prepared for the International Energy Agency (IEA) Hydrogen Program and represents the result of subtask C, Annex 10 - Photoproduction of Hydrogen. The concept of using solar energy to drive the conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen has been examined, from the standpoints of potential and ideal efficiencies, measurement of (and how to calculate) solar hydrogen production efficiencies, a survey of the state-of-the-art, and a technological assessment of various solar hydrogen options. The analysis demonstrates that the ideal limit of the conversion efficiency for 1 sun irradiance is (approximately)31for a single photosystem scheme and (approximately)42for a dual photosystem scheme. However, practical considerations indicate that real efficiencies will not likely exceed (approximately)10and (approximately)16for single and dual photosystem schemes, respectively. Four types of solar photochemical hydrogen systems have been identified: photochemical systems, semiconductor systems, photobiological systems, and hybrid and other systems.

关键词：太阳能；制氢；氢光电化学电池；光伏电池

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Technoeconomic work for IH2 and lifecycle analysis(LCA) work has also been completed as part of this DOE study and shows IH2 technology can convert biomass to gasoline and diesel blending components for less than $2.00/gallon with greater than 90reduction in greenhouse gas. As a result of the work completed in this DOE project, a joint development agreement with CRI Catalyst Company to license the IH2 technology.

关键词：生物质；汽油柴油；加氢燃料；温室气体；氢气加氢裂解；石油运输燃料

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The viability of biomass as transportation fuel depends upon the allocation of limited resources for fuel, power, and products. By focusing on mature markets, this report identifies how biomass is projected to be most economically used in the long term and the implications for greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and petroleum use.

关键词：生物质能；燃料；交通运输；替代燃料；经济分析；能源需求；燃油消耗，温室效应；石油

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