This report describes the activities of the Energy Storage group over FY2012. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) supports energy storage R&D under the Vehicle Technologies Program at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The DOE Energy Storage Programs charter is to develop battery technologies that will enable large market penetration of electric drive vehicles. These vehicles could have a significant impact on the nation's goal of reducing dependence on imported oil and gaseous pollutant emissions. DOE has established several program activities to address and overcome the barriers limiting the penetration of electric drive battery technologies: cost, performance, safety, and life. These programs are: (1) Advanced Battery Development (through the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC)); (2) Battery Testing, Analysis and Design; (3) Applied Battery Research (ABR), and (4) Focused Fundamental Research, or Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT).

关键词：储能系统；设计；电气电池；电动车

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The goals of the research programs in the Center for Autonomous Solar Power are to conduct research and development in thin film solar cells on flexible substrates for low cost fabrication on roll-to-roll manufacturing. The materials chosen are earth abundant and non-toxic. The expected outcome is very low cost solar cells that will be competitive in performance and well below current market prices in dollars/wall. Flexible solar cells are useful in building integrated photovoltaic systems and in military applications in austere environments. A related research program focuses on ultracapacitors using new materials. With sufficiently high energy densities, ultracapacitors can replace batteries for energy storage and offer other advantages in long lifetimes and in tolerating operating temperature ranges.

关键词：储能；电容器；高密度；高能量系统；集成光伏效应；太阳能储能电池

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Single-layer graphene sheets have significantly broadened the horizon of nanotechnology with the unique electronic, optical, quantum mechanical and mechanical properties associated with the two-dimensional atomic crystal structure. To best utilize this material for practical applications, it is crucial to prevent the spontaneous aggregation between individual graphene sheets while composite materials are formed. Numerous efforts have been made to stabilize functionalized graphene sheets on molecular or polymeric species. Biomolecules such as DNA and proteins have also been grafted onto graphene planes and used for biosensors, controlled drug-delivery as well as cancer imaging. As well as biomedical applications, graphene sheets can also be hybridized with biomolecules into energy-storage devices to increase the conductivity of the active materials that are often insulators. In previous work, ultrasonication or chemical reduction, followed by heat treatment, have been adopted to achieve composites between graphene and various materials (e.g., LiFePO4 and SnO2). However, due to the non-specific nature of the interactions between the graphene templates and active materials, it is expected that only random and inhomogeneous contacts are created, leaving the segregation on nano- or even sub-micrometer levels.

关键词：储能；混合动力系统；原子结构；生物分子；晶体结构；活性材料；传感器；基因工程

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Characterization of biomass burning from space has been the subject of an extensive body of literature published over the last few decades. Given the importance of this topic, we review how satellite observations contribute toward improving the representation of biomass burning quantitatively in climate and air-quality modeling and assessment. Satellite observations related to biomass burning may be classified into five broad categories: (i) active fire location and energy release, (ii) burned areas and burn severity, (iii) smoke plume physical disposition, (iv) aerosol distribution and particle properties, and (v) trace gas concentrations. Each of these categories involves multiple parameters used in characterizing specific aspects of the biomass-burning phenomenon. 

关键词：生物质能；气溶胶；气候模型；生物质燃烧；污染物；卫星观测；大气成分；微量元素

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The overall project goal is to reduce the cost of home and neighborhood photovoltaic storage systems by reducing the single largest cost component the energy storage cells. Solar power is accepted as an environmentally advantaged renewable power source. Its deployment in small communities and integrated into the grid, requires a safe, reliable and low cost energy storage system. The incumbent technology of lead acid cells is large, toxic to produce and dispose of, and offer limited life even with significant maintenance. The ideal PV storage battery would have the safety and low cost of lead acid but the performance of lithium ion chemistry. Present lithium ion batteries have the desired performance but cost and safety remain the two key implementation barriers.

关键词：储能技术；锂离子；电动电池；光伏电源；太阳能

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The report evaluates potential energy savings by replacing traditional single-speed pool pumps with variable speed pool pumps, and provide a basic cost comparison between continued uses of traditional pumps verses new pumps. A simple step-by-step process for inspecting the pool area and installing a new pool pump follows.

关键词：储能；太阳能；算法；控制系统；光伏电源；存储系统；水泵；节能

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Concentrating solar power (CSP) deployed with thermal energy storage (TES) provides a dispatchable source of renewable energy. The value of CSP with TES, as with other potential generation resources, needs to be established using traditional utility planning tools. Production cost models, which simulate the operation of grid, are often used to estimate the operational value of different generation mixes. CSP with TES has historically had limited analysis in commercial production simulations. This document describes the implementation of CSP with TES in a commercial production cost model. It also describes the simulation of grid operations with CSP in a test system consisting of two balancing areas located primarily in Colorado.

关键词：集中式太阳能；容量值；可再生能源；热能存储

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This report describes an algorithm, implemented in Matlab/Simulink, designed to reduce the variability of photovoltaic (PV) power output by using a battery. The purpose of the battery is to add power to the PV output (or subtract) to smooth out the high frequency components of the PV power that that occur during periods with transient cloud shadows on the PV array. The control system is challenged with the task of reducing short-term PV output variability while avoiding overworking the battery both in terms of capacity and ramp capability. The algorithm proposed by Sandia is purposely very simple to facilitate implementation in a real-time controller. The control structure has two additional inputs to which the battery can respond. For example, the battery could respond to PV variability, load variability or area control error (ACE) or a combination of the three.

关键词：储能；太阳能；算法；容量；云；控制系统；电池；光伏电源

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The integration and stability of electrocatalytic nanostructures, which represent one level of porosity in a hierarchical structural scheme when combined with a three-dimensional support scaffold, has been studied using a combination of synthetic processes, characterization techniques, and computational methods. Dendritic platinum nanostructures have been covalently linked to common electrode surfaces using a newly developed chemical route; a chemical route equally applicable to a range of metals, oxides, and semiconductive materials. Characterization of the resulting bound nanostructure system confirms successful binding, while electrochemistry and microscopy demonstrate the viability of these electroactive particles. Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to image and validate the short-term stability of several electrode-bound platinum dendritic sheet structures toward Oswald ripening. Kinetic Monte Carlo methods have been applied to develop an understanding of the stability of the basic nano-scale porous platinum sheets as they transform from an initial dendrite to hole containing sheets. Alternate synthetic strategies were pursued to grow dendritic platinum structures directly onto subunits (graphitic particles) of the electrode scaffold. A two-step photocatalytic seeding process proved successful at generating desirable nano-scale porous structures. Growth in-place is an alternate strategy to the covalent linking of the electrocatalytic nanostructures.

关键词：储能技术；纳米技术；树突电化学蒙特卡罗方法；氧化物白金孔隙率；稳定性生存能力

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Thermal energy storage in buildings dates back to the earliest human settlements. Houses built by indigenous people all across the world, in hot and moderate climates, demonstrate some form of thermal energy storage. The most common and easiest form of thermal energy storage uses the diurnal temperature change. Diurnal temperature difference is the difference between the minimum at night, usually lower, and the maximum during the day, usually higher. This leads to colder nights and warmer days. The colder nights provide a "night cool," which can be used to cool the hot days, if the energy can be stored and released. The opposite is also possible—storing the warmth of the day to heat the nights. The indigenous homes stored the night cool in the mass of walls, floors, and roofs. This method can be used in modern and present-day buildings.

关键词：储能机术；热能储存；能量；建筑

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