This study's objective is to examine interrelated technical and economic avenues for the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid to incorporate up to and over 20wind generation by 2030. Our specific interests are to look at the factors that will affect the implementation of both high level of wind power penetration (> 20generation) and installation of large scale storage.

关键词：储能技术；风力发电；经济模型；风力发电机组

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This analysis evaluates several operational benefits of electricity storage, including load-leveling, spinning contingency reserves, and regulation reserves. Storage devices were simulated in a utility system in the western United States, and the operational costs of generation was compared to the same system without the added storage. This operational value of storage was estimated for devices of various sizes, providing different services, and with several sensitivities to fuel price and other factors. Overall, the results followed previous analyses that demonstrate relatively low value for load-leveling but greater value for provision of reserve services. The value was estimated by taking the difference in operational costs between cases with and without energy storage and represents the operational cost savings from deploying storage by a traditional vertically integrated utility. The analysis also estimated the potential revenues derived from a merchant storage plant in a restructured market, based on marginal system prices. Due to suppression of on-/off-peak price differentials and incomplete capture of system benefits (such as the cost of power plant starts), the revenue obtained by storage in a market setting appears to be substantially less than the net benefit provided to the system. This demonstrates some of the additional challenges for storage deployed in restructured energy markets.

关键词：储能系统；电力；成本；发电设备；燃料；高峰负荷；发电厂

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This project provides critical innovations and fundamental understandings that enable development of an economically-viable process for catalytic conversion of biomass (sugar) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A low-cost ionic liquid (Cyphos 106) is discovered for fast conversion of fructose into HMF under moderate reaction conditions without any catalyst. HMF yield from fructose is almost 100on the carbon molar basis. Adsorbent materials and adsorption process are invented and demonstrated for separation of 99pure HMF product and recovery of the ionic liquid from the reaction mixtures. The adsorbent material appears very stable in repeated adsorption/regeneration cycles. Novel membrane-coated adsorbent particles are made and demonstrated to achieve excellent adsorption separation performances at low pressure drops. This is very important for a practical adsorption process because ionic liquids are known of high viscosity. Nearly 100conversion (or dissolution) of cellulose in the catalytic ionic liquid into small molecules was observed. It is promising to produce HMF, sugars and other fermentable species directly from cellulose feedstock. However, several gaps were identified and could not be resolved in this project. Reaction and separation tests at larger scales are needed to minimize impacts of incidental errors on the mass balance and to show 99.9ionic liquid recovery. The cellulose reaction tests were troubled with poor reproducibility. Further studies on cellulose conversion in ionic liquids under better controlled conditions are necessary to delineate reaction products, dissolution kinetics, effects of mass and heat transfer in the reactor on conversion, and separation of final reaction mixtures.

关键词：生物质能；催化作用；生物质转化；燃料；吸附剂；碳纤维素

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Biomass is a versatile source of energy; it can produce electricity, heat or fuel for transportation and is storable. It is the world's fourth largest energy source and contributes to at least 14 percent of the world's primary energy demand.In developing countries, the contribution of biomass to primary energy supply is at least 35 percent. In developed economies, such as the European Union, its contribution ranges from 2 to 14 percent.

关键词：生物质能；农村地区；电力；能源来源；能源储存；能源需求；能源供应

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RCT Systems led a team that included Creative Energy Solutions, and NDI Engineering in the development of an Advanced Energy Storage Module (ESM) for the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) contract for a DDG 51 Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator. The project demonstrated a modular 600kW ESM in December 2010. These modules could be combined into a 3 MW system to allow DDG 51 single generator operations, providing full ship backup power for up to 10 minutes with significant fuel savings. These savings are dependent on the ship operating profile. The BAA assumed 4,000 hours per year per ship of single generator operations. Based on that estimate, the system could facilitate savings of approximately 8000 BBL of Fuel/ship/year, or up to approximately $1.3M/ship/year in direct fuel savings at Jan 2012 DLA Fuel Rates of $160/bbl. This equates to approximately 30direct savings in the ships electric plant fuel usage during peace time cruise and an 8savings in overall ships fuel usage based on Navy Incentivized Energy Conservation (I-ENCON) reports. DoD has mandated the use of Fully Burdened Fuel Cost (FBFC) in all future acquisition decisions. FBFC savings could be as high as $3-5M/ship/year in FY-12 Dollars. We estimate that hardware costs alone could be recouped in approximately 2 years based on FBFC savings. Navy testing at NSWCCD SSES DDG-51 Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) is ongoing, and it is planned to install the ESM in a DDG-51 Class ship in summer/fall of 2012 for an at sea demonstration. The Navy is currently determining the total energy required to be available to satisfactorily de-risk single generator operations on DDG-51 Class ships. While designed for DDG 51, the modular system is potentially adaptable to all Navy and commercial ships, and supports the Next Generation Integrated Power System (NGIPS) Architecture.

关键词：储能；船舶；电力生产；节能；燃气轮机；发电机；锂电池

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The multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the smoke test to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 micrometers as compared to 0.47-0.67 micrometers due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007.

关键词：生物质能；MAIAC算法；烟雾；气溶胶

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We provide satellite-based evidence of the spectral dependence of absorption in biomass burning aerosols over South America using near-UV measurements made by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) during 2005-2007. In the current near-UV OMI aerosol algorithm (OMAERUV), it is implicitly assumed that the only absorbing component in carbonaceous aerosols is black carbon whose imaginary component of the refractive index is wavelength independent. With this assumption, OMI-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) is found to be significantly over-estimated compared to that of AERONET at several sites during intense biomass burning events (August-September). Other well-known sources of error affecting the near-UV method of aerosol retrieval do not explain the large observed AOD discrepancies between the satellite and the ground-based observations. A number of studies have revealed strong spectral dependence in carbonaceous aerosol absorption in the near-UV region suggesting the presence of organic carbon in biomass burning generated aerosols. A sensitivity analysis examining the importance of accounting for the presence of wavelength-dependent aerosol absorption in carbonaceous particles in satellite-based remote sensing was carried out in this work. The results convincingly show that the inclusion of spectrally-dependent aerosol absorption in the radiative transfer calculations leads to a more accurate characterization of the atmospheric load of carbonaceous aerosols.

关键词：生物质能；气溶胶；吸收光谱；卫星观测；生物质燃烧

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A woody biomass 'feedstock yard'. is a collection point or location for collecting and concentrating biomass from various sources. Biomass is collected, sorted, consolidated, processed and distributed to a variety of markets and uses. It provides an alternative in the biomass supply chain that could have benefits over traditional woods-to-processor delivery scenarios. This guide has been designed for those interested in developing a business to supply woody biomass for forest products, wood energy and other uses. The guide provides information about the development, operation and management of a woody biomass feedstock yard. For example, a woody biomass feedstock yard could be developed to help solve a disposal problem, recover and utilize a natural resource, contribute to the local economy and the environment, or as a way to be a better steward for taxpayers. A woody biomass feedstock yard could help guide a 'woods wise' person to own and operate a small business enterprise. Woody biomass is an abundant and renewable feedstock for energy and other uses and may present an opportunity for those willing to make investments. This guide provides information and guidance on the establishment of a business and ways to improve the operation of an existing business.

关键词：生物质能；原料；木材燃料；能源系统；木废料

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Biofuel production from cellulosic feedstocks is a grand challenge that is being pursued on a number of fronts. One promising area is engineering of organisms that can directly convert biomass into more technologically useful forms. The technologies for next generation biofuels must not only design efficient processes to convert lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuels but must also ensure that produced fuels are compatible with current and future engines. Endophytic fungi have been shown to produce a range of moderate-molecular weight hydrocarbons (volatile organic compounds-VOC) directly from cellulosic biomass without any pretreatment. These organisms have the capacity to alter their VOC profile as a function of carbon source. We cultured a number of these fungi on potential biofuel biomass (corn stove, eucalyptus and switchgrass) as the sole carbon source and their growth rates were compared to potato dextrose agar. We then performed a VOC profile of the biomass-supported fungal cultures. Our findings are an important first step in developing industrial hosts (microbes or fungi) with both biomass deconstruction and fuel synthesis pathways. Follow-up genomic and proteomics are needed to link genomics based information to function which will allow us to identify and understand response thresholds and determine how populations can be controlled for more sustainable out comes.

关键词：生物质；液体燃料；真菌；挥发性有机化合物；纤维素；木质素

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The investigation and design of new classes of materials for energy and catalysis requires a multi-facetted approach to simulation. Multiple methods are needed to study materials on the length scale 0.1 nm - 10 nm. For simulations where the atomic (and electronic) degrees of freedom are relevant, the methods of choice in the surface science, condensed matter physics, and material science communities are classical molecular dynamics (CMD), Density Functional Theory (DFT), and quantum Monte Carlo (QMC).

关键词：储能；储能材料；催化；电子结构；分子动力学；仿真

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