Currently in the United States, periodic sensor recalibration is required for all safety-related sensors, typically occurring at every refueling outage, and it has emerged as a critical path item for shortening outage duration in some plants. Online monitoring can be employed to identify those sensors that require calibration, allowing for calibration of only those sensors that need it. International application of calibration monitoring has shown that sensors may operate for longer periods within calibration tolerances. This issue is expected to also be important as the United States looks to the next generation of reactor designs (such as small modular reactors and advanced concepts), given the anticipated longer refueling cycles, proposed advanced sensors, and digital instrumentation and control systems. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) accepted the general concept of online monitoring for sensor calibration monitoring in 2000, but no U.S. plants have been granted the necessary license amendment to apply it. This report presents a state-of-the-art assessment of online calibration monitoring in the nuclear power industry, including sensors, calibration practice, and online monitoring algorithms. This assessment identifies key research needs and gaps that prohibit integration of the NRC-approved online calibration monitoring system in the U.S. nuclear industry. Several needs are identified, including an understanding of the impacts of sensor degradation on measurements for both conventional and emerging sensors; the quantification of uncertainty in online calibration assessment; determination of calibration acceptance criteria and quantification of the effect of acceptance criteria variability on system performance; and assessment of the feasibility of using virtual sensor estimates to replace identified faulty sensors in order to extend operation to the next convenient maintenance opportunity.

关键词：传感器；核电站；校准；算法；探测器；监测；网络系统；中断；反应堆装置；安全性研究的需要

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This report summarizes the equipment, general arrangement of the equipment, operating characteristics, and operating severity for each technology.

关键词：生物质能；气化及焦油重整技术；模型

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In April 2012, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy issued the National Bioeconomy Blueprint, a large portion of which described the importance of biomass as a source of energy and chemicals for manufacturing.

关键词：生物质能；利用农业；化工行业；经济增长；农场作物；喂料；林产品；政府政策

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The overall objective of this project was to quantify the energy, environmental, and economic performance of industrial facilities that would coproduce electricity and transportation fuels or chemicals from a mixture of coal and biomass via co-gasification in a single qressurized, oxgen-blown, entrained-flow gasifier, with capture and storage of CO(sub2)(CSS).

关键词：生物质能；能源系统；环境影响；经济分析；燃料；生物质；二氧化碳；煤炭；电力；排放；煤气；温室气体

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Although solar costs are dropping rapidly, solar power is still more expensive than conventional and other renewable energy options. The solar sector still needs continuing government policy support. These policies are driven by objectives that go beyond the goal of achieving grid parity. The need to achieve multiple objectives and ensure sufficient political support for solar power makes it difficult for policy makers to design the optimal solar power policy. The dynamic and uncertain nature of the solar industry, combined with the constraints offered by broader economic, political and social conditions further complicates the task of policy making. This report presents an analysis of solar promotion policies in seven countries--Germany, Spain, the United States, Japan, China, Taiwan, and India--in terms of their outlook, objectives, policy mechanisms and outcomes. The report presents key insights, primarily in qualitative terms, and recommendations for two distinct audiences. The first audience consists of global policy makers who are exploring various mechanisms to increase the penetration of solar power in markets to mitigate climate
change. The second audience consists of key Indian policy makers who are developing a long-term implementation plan under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and various state initiatives.

关键词：太阳能；太阳能产业；政府政策；印度；建议；

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The results of this report show that the NS approach for a FTS catalyst support shows promise for generating fuels from syngas. Future work will focus on optimizing Co/Sio2-NS catalyst for improved conversion efficiencies.

关键词：生物质能；生物燃料；气化生物质燃料；催化；扫描电子显微镜/能谱仪（SEM / EDS）；透射电子显微镜（TEM）；X射线衍射（XRD）

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Biofuels are produced from biomass and waste materials. There are different forms of biofuel, namely fuel pellets (solid), bioethanol and biodiesel (liquid), and biogas (gaseous). Fermentation is the most widely used method for producing biofuel; however, other methods are also used to produce biofuel. Algae biofuels are made by using algae as a feedstock. The various algae biofuel technologies are: cultivation technologies, harvesting technologies, extraction technologies, and algae biofuel production facilities.

关键词：藻类；生物燃料；生物质；废物；燃料芯块；生物乙醇；生物柴油

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Over the last several years, solar energy technologies have been, or are in the process of being, deployed at unprecedented levels. A critical recent development, resulting from the massive scale of projects in progress or recently completed, is having the power sold directly to electric utilities. Such 'utility-scale' systems offer the opportunity to deploy solar technologies far faster than the traditional 'behind-the-meter' projects designed to offset retail load. Moreover, these systems have employed significant economies of scale during construction and operation, attracting financial capital, which in turn can reduce the delivered cost of power. This report is a summary of the current U.S. utility-scale solar state-of-the-market and development pipeline. Utility-scale solar energy systems are generally categorized as one of two basic designs: concentrating solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV). CSP systems can be further delineated into four commercially available technologies: parabolic trough, central receiver (CR), parabolic dish, and linear Fresnel reflector. CSP systems can also be categorized as hybrid, which combine a solar-based system (generally parabolic trough, CR, or linear Fresnel) and a fossil fuel energy system to produce electric power or steam.

关键词：太阳能；光伏电力供应；能源系统；化石燃料

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关键词：煤制气；示范项目

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关键词：1-11月；电力行业；固定资产投资

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