《84号文》传递的改革深度、力度超越了“十一五”以来任何一次油气产业改革。2014年2月24日，国家能源局公布《油气管网设施公平开放监管办法（试行）》（国能监管〔2014〕84号，以下简称《84号文》），立即引起国内外、行业内外和社会各界的高度关注和热议，纷纷期望《84号文》的实施能够为我国统一的油气市场繁荣、产业发展带来新机遇，为非常规油气发展，特别是新兴油气企业创造宽松条件，也翘望油气管网设施分离工作能够进一步加快。

关键词：84号文；油气管网；设施；监管办法

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Recent and anticipated trends indicate that renewable resources, particularly wind and solar energy, will provide a growing contribution to the U.S. and global power systems in the coming decades. These resources are variable and uncertain by nature, and their impacts on system expansion and operation need to be properly accounted for in electric system models. To this end, we introduce a new capacity expansion model, the Resource Planning Model (RPM), with high spatial and temporal resolution that can be used for mid- and long-term scenario planning of regional power systems. RPM endogenously and dynamically considers grid integration of renewable resources, including transmission and interconnection availability and costs, renewable resource limits and output characteristics, and dispatch options for conventional generators, in its optimal generator and transmission decision-making. As an hourly chronological model with a highly discretized regional structure, RPM provides a framework where various future scenarios can be explored while ensuring that the scenarios include many aspects of grid reliability. Although the structure of RPM was designed to be adaptable to any geographic region, here we describe an initial version of the model adapted for the power system in Colorado. We present example scenario results from this first version of RPM, including an example of a 30-by-2020 renewable electricity penetration scenario. Under the assumptions used, the preliminary scenario analysis demonstrates that wind technologies are the dominant contributors to this 30-by-2020 renewable electricity scenario and that renewable generation largely displaces natural gas. This displacement results in annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reductions of approximately 12. We find that under the least-cost deployment solution from the model, new wind capacity is largely deployed in the north-central and southeastern regions of Colorado and utility-scale solar capacity is largely deployed in the Front Range urban corridor, along with northwestern and south-central Colorado regions.

关键词：电力系统；智能电网；电力传输；可再生能源；

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The piezoelectric effect is a phenomenon where strain on a piezoelectric crystal structure causes potential difference at its ends. By merging piezoelectric materials and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), mechanical vibration could cause the necessary displacement in MEMS to create a potential difference that could be used to power electronic devices. Developing new sustainable energy sources and using energy more efficiently is at the forefront of several research initiatives and is a clear priority for the Department of the Navy s strategic planning. This thesis aims to design a vibrational energy harvesting MEMS device to harness vibrational waste energy with the goal of producing power for naval applications. The development and widespread use of vibrational harvesting MEMS would aid the effort to meet each of these goals in the Department of the Navy. Any shore based, seagoing, or expeditionary mechanical platform could serve as a kinetic energy source for vibration energy harvesting MEMS. This thesis investigates the physics, materials, design, optimization, and microfabrication process in the creation of such a device. Time-dependent finite element models for two designs have been developed, simulating electrical power output. Microfabrication processes for the designs have also been developed.

关键词：电子科学技术；微机电系统；振动；能源；有限元分析；线束；压电材料

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The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), as a standards development organization, sponsored the development of recommended practices (RP) for offshore wind turbine facilities and published its RP report in 2012. The challenges faced by the emerging offshore wind energy industry parallel many of the challenges that were faced by the offshore oil and gas industry in its infancy. These challenges are documented and addressed in the development of the AWEA RP and are described in this paper. The paper discusses how the more mature American Petroleum Institute oil and gas standards were interfaced with International Electrotechnical Commission and other wind turbine and offshore industry standards to provide guidance for reliable engineering design practices of these mechanically dynamic, fatigue-driven offshore wind energy systems. Uncertainties requiring further validation and analysis are also described.

关键词：风能；风电；海上平台；沿海水域；设计

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With the push towards siting wind turbines in deeper water, floating offshore wind turbines are becoming an economically attractive option. The International Electrotechnical Commissions (IEC) 61400-3 design standard covers fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines, but there are a number of new research questions that need to be answered to modify these standards so that they are applicable to floating wind turbines. One issue is the appropriate simulation length needed for floating turbines. This paper will discuss the results from a study assessing the impact of simulation length on the ultimate and fatigue loads of the structure, and will address uncertainties associated with changing the simulation length for the analyzed floating platform. Recommendations of required simulation length based on load uncertainty will be made and compared to current simulation-length requirements.

关键词：风力发电机；海上风场；评估；设计

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Reference Network Models (RNMs) are large-scale distribution network planning tools. RNMs can be used by policy makers and regulators to estimate efficient distribution costs. This is a very challenging task, particularly being network planning a combinatorial problem, which is especially difficult to solve due to the vast size of the distribution areas, and the use of several voltage levels. This chapter presents the main features of RNMs developed by the authors, including high performance requirements related to the type and size of the problem. The model can be used to plan distribution networks either from scratch or incrementally from existing grids. Different case studies illustrate the applicability of these models to the assessment of the impact of massive deployment of renewable distributed generation, demand response actions, and plug-in electric vehicle penetration on distribution costs. The results obtained provide valuable information to guide strategic policy-making decisions regarding the implementation of renewable energy programs and smart grid initiatives.

关键词：智能电网；参考网络模型；可再生能源；网络规划

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ORNL and subcontractor Cool Energy completed an investigation of higher-temperature, organic thermal fluids for solar thermal applications. Although static thermal tests showed promising results for 1-phenylnaphthalene, loop testing at temperatures to 450 degrees C showed that the material isomerized at a slow rate. In a loop with a temperature high enough to drive the isomerization, the higher melting point byproducts tended to condense onto cooler surfaces. So, as experienced in loop operation, eventually the internal channels of cooler components such as the waste heat rejection exchanger may become coated or clogged and loop performance will decrease. Thus, pure 1-phenylnaphthalene does not appear to be a fluid that would have a sufficiently long lifetime (years to decades) to be used in a loop at the increased temperatures of interest. Hence a decision was made not to test the ORNL fluid in the loop at Cool Energy Inc. Instead, Cool Energy tested and modeled power conversion from a moderate-temperature solar loop using coupled Stirling engines. Cool Energy analyzed data collected on third and fourth generation SolarHeart Stirling engines operating on a rooftop solar field with a lower temperature (Marlotherm) heat transfer fluid. The operating efficiencies of the Stirling engines were determined at multiple, typical solar conditions, based on data from actual cycle operation. Results highlighted the advantages of inherent thermal energy storage in the power conversion system.

关键词：太阳能；传热；能源储存；冷却液回路；热测试

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This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. Several turbines were selected for testing at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) as a part of the Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing project. Duration testing is one of up to five tests that may be performed on the turbines. Other tests include safety and function, power performance, acoustic noise, and power quality. Viryd Technologies, Inc. of Austin, Texas, was the recipient of the DOE grant and provided the turbine for testing.

关键词：风能；风力发电机；声学测试；电力系统

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Using weighted power means, as opposed to arithmetic means, for wind speed statistics is recognized as more relevant to predicting power production from wind turbines. Yet computer models used for hub height wind prediction output arithmetic means, due to the lack of accurate information on wind speed distributions generated by the turbulent flow. The following demonstrates methods used to calculate wind speed statistics using power means, generated from high-frequency (32 Hz) wind measurements, from turbulent flow in the vicinity of a wind turbine array. The dependence of errors, as a function of turbulence intensity, in power production forecasts resulting from the use of arithmetic instead of power means is presented

关键词：风能；风电；计算机模型；发电；风力发电机组

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5月份，全国电力供需平衡。在国家微刺激政策以及下旬气温偏高等因素带动下，全国全社会用电量增速略有回升；轻、重工业用电量增长相对均衡，制造业日均用电量比上月略有减少，四大高耗能行业用电量增速略有回升，第三产业和城乡居民生活用电
量增长缓慢。全国水电发电量保持较快增长，但增量主要集中在云南、四川两省。5月份，火电生产形势略有好转，云南火电发电量增速大幅提高，全国风电发电量高速增长。电网投资同比较快增长，电源投资大幅下降。全国基建新增同比略有增加，5月当月核电新增2台百万千瓦机组。下个季度将迎来夏季用电高峰，全社会用电量增速将继续回升。我们预计，上半年全社会用电量同比增长将在5.5%～6.5%之间，而随着下半年宏观经济有望平缓回升，全年全社会用电量同比增幅将达到6.5%～7.5%。

关键词：电力；供需；用电量

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