Testing is indispensable when implementing complex systems, but in the case of communication standards, independent testing of different systems does not suffice. Instead, interoperability tests involving all systems, that are to communicate with each other, are needed. This chapter explains, how the efforts for this tests can be minimized, what additional benefits are achievable, and what limitations exist. Additionally, testing for the major Smart Grid standard families IEC 61850 and CIM will be exemplified.

关键词：智能电网；测试；互操作性测试；合规性；一致性

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In the coming decades, the European power system will be pushed closer to its limits due to integrated electricity markets, the massive integration of stochastic electricity production facilities (i.e. wind and solar power) and the increasing number of more sophisticated ICT-based control components (i.e. SVCs, PSTs, PMUs, etc.). Therefore, an increased level of flexibility will be needed to operate the power system safely while ensuring security of supply and low-carbon emissions of the electricity sector.

关键词：电力系统；电力市场；信息和通信技术；操作电源系统

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This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small wind turbines. Five turbines were tested at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) as a part of round one of this project. Duration testing is one of up to five tests that may be performed on the turbines, including power performance, safety and function, noise, and power quality. Test results will provide manufacturers with reports that can be used to fulfill part of the requirements for small wind turbine certification.

关键词：风能;风力发电机;持续时间测试;绩效评估;可再生能源

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By the third quarter of 2012, the United States had deployed more than 2.1 gigawatts (GWac1) of utility-scale solar generation capacity, with 4.6 GWac under construction as of August 2012 (SEIA 2012). Continued growth is anticipated owing to state renewable portfolio standards and decreasing system costs (DOE 2012a). One concern regarding large-scale deployment of solar energy is its potentially significant land use. Efforts have been made to understand solar land use estimates from the literature (Horner and Clark 2013); however, we were unable to find a comprehensive evaluation of solar land use requirements from the research literature. This report provides data and analysis of the land use associated with U.S. utility-scale ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) facilities. After discussing solar land-use metrics and our data-collection and analysis methods, we present total and direct land-use results for various solar technologies and system configurations, on both a capacity and an electricity-generation basis. The total area corresponds to all land enclosed by the site boundary. The direct area comprises land directly occupied by solar arrays, access roads, substations, service buildings, and other infrastructure. We quantify and summarize the area impacted, recognizing that the quality and duration of the impact must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. As of the third quarter of 2012, the solar projects we analyze represent 72of installed and under-construction utility-scale PV and CSP capacity in the United States.

关键词：太阳能发电厂;土地使用;配置;光伏电源

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A comparison of satellite-derived solar resource with nine high-quality, ground-based solar radiation measurements from NOAA's Surface Radiation (SURFRAD) Network, the Integrated Surface Insolation Study (ISIS) Network, the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) at NREL, and DOE's Solar Resource and Meteorological Assessment Project (SOLRMAP) program was conducted. The comparison was made using data from 2009 for various locations. Our results showed that the satellite-based method underpredicted both global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI). GHI values were underestimated by about 13to 22for the stations located in a desert environment, such as Desert Rock, Nevada, and SOLRMAP stations located around southwest Nevada and Arizona. We found that the Satellite Algorithm for Shortwave Radiation Budget (SASRAB) radiative transfer model caused the underprediction of GHI and DNI, especially in clear-sky situations and low zenith angles (around solar noon). Using other radiative transfer algorithms reduced the bias from SASRAB, and it is expected that the accuracy of the satellite-based product will significantly improve with the introduction of a high-quality, radiative transfer model. Future work will aim to reduce the biases by using better input parameters and applying these parameters to a better, simple, clear-sky radiative transfer model that properly accounts for the parameters.

关键词：太阳辐射；辐射传输；太阳能；参数

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This technical memorandum is to summarize the Formulation Study conducted during fiscal year 2012 on the High Temperature Boost (HTB) Power Processing Unit (PPU). The effort is authorized and supported by the Game Changing Technology Division, NASA Office of the Chief Technologist. NASA center participation during the formulation includes LaRC, KSC and JPL. The Formulation Study continues into fiscal year 2013. The formulation study has focused on the power processing unit. The team has proposed a modular, power scalable, and new technology enabled High Temperature Boost (HTB) PPU, which has 5-10X improvement in PPU specific power/mass and over 30in-space solar electric system mass saving.

关键词：电力系统；耐高温；硅碳化物；阳能系统

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Failure and security risks of communication optical cable in electric power system caused by anomalous changing of strain have been investigated,the current situation of the strain monitoring system for optical cable of electric power system has been introduced,and the principle and features of measuring the strain by using fiber grating sensing technology have been presented.The new method that can be used in strain monitoring for communication optical cable of key position in electric power system has been put forward,and fiber grating sensor scheme has been designed.Finally,several key technical problems in its practical application have been analyzed in detail.

关键词：电力系统；光纤光栅；电力；光缆

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The domain of electromobility extends the topic of the Smart Grid by another large consumer, but also adds storage possibilities. Therefore it is necessary to create a new infrastructure of loading points. The communication is not limited between loading points and the vehicle, but there is also a communication between loading point and the distribution network. Additionally there are many different scenarios possible, whereas the loading point also communicates with EMS/DMS. These chapter addresses the aforementioned points and give further information and possible solutions in terms of communication standards

关键词：智能电网；DMS通信；EMS；电动汽车

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Medical researchers seek to identify and predict profit (or effectiveness) potential in a new medicine B against a specified disease by comparing it to an existing medicine A,which has been used to treat the disease for many years,called medicine assessment.Applying traditional data mining techniques to the medicine assessment,one can discover patterns,such as A.X=a → B.Y=b,which are identified at the attribute-value level.These patterns are useful in predicting associated behaviors at the attribute-value level.However,to evaluate B against A,we have to obtain globally useful relations between B and A at an attribute level.Therefore,this paper proposes a group interaction approach for multiple data source discovery.Group interactions include,such as rules,differences,and links between datasets.These group interactions are discovered at the attribute level.For example,R(A.X,B.Y),where R is a relationship,or a predication.Some examples are presented for illustrating the use of the group interaction approach.

关键词：电力系统；数据挖掘;；多数据源挖掘；互动

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This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. Several turbines were selected for testing at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) as a part of the Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing project. Acoustic noise testing is one of up to five tests that may be performed on the turbines. Other tests include duration, safety and function, power performance, and power quality. Viryd Technologies, Inc. of Austin, Texas, was the recipient of the DOE grant and provided the turbine for testing.

关键词：风能；风力发电机；声学噪声发生器；噪声测量

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