The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 5, in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Atlas Industrial Park in Duluth, Minnesota, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. Under the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, the EPA provided funding to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to support a feasibility study of solar renewable energy generation at the Atlas Industrial Park. NREL provided technical assistance for this project but did not assess environmental conditions at the site beyond those related to the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The purpose of this study is to assess the site for a possible PV installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV configurations. In addition, the study evaluates financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site. The feasibility of a PV project depends greatly on both site-specific and economic factors. Site-specific factors include the available area for an array, solar resource, distance to transmission lines, and distance to major roads. In addition, the operating status, ground conditions, and restrictions associated with redevelopment of contaminated sites impact the feasibility of a PV system. Economic factors include purchase price of the electricity produced, power purchase agreement (PPA) price, and retail electric rates along with federal, state, and utility incentives for PV systems. The Atlas Industrial Park is a 62-acre brownfield site currently undergoing remediation and redevelopment. The Duluth Economic Development Authority (DEDA), which owns the property, is considering a 2-acre parcel for a PV installation as part of its redevelopment plan. Based on an assessment of the site conditions, the Atlas Industrial Park is suitable for deployment of a large-or small-scale PV system; however, the economics specific to the area currently limit the financial viability of a PV installation. Table ES-1 summarizes the performance and economics of the different PV systems and the development/financing options evaluated in this study. The table shows the annual energy output, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and the PPA price along with the payback period and cost of each system.

关键词：太阳能；光伏性能；可行性；环境保护

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Revegetation of high elevation decomposed granite cut-slopes often requires repeated applications of soil amendments to attain sustained vegetative cover. Plant transects from slopes west of the Eisenhower Tunnel from 2007 to 2012 showed that cover was generally stable during this period. Soil fertility tests indicated that nutrients are generally low but still comparable to disturbed-but-revegetated reference plots. Soil organic matter and slow-release forms of nitrogen (N) may be a potential limiting factor. The N release rates of several common CDOT soil amendments were evaluated in a multi-year, field incubation experiment. Test results indicate a wide range of N release availability from nearly immediate to fairly slow release rates. Of the slow-release materials, about 74of total N content was released the first growing season, another 7in the following two years, while about 19was still retained in a more stable organic matter form at the end of the experiment. The study suggests that after several applications of slow-release amendments, vegetative cover on these cut-slopes is stabilizing. Implementation - Slopes that show signs of vegetation thinning should be re-amended promptly with modest amounts of slowly available N. Established stands or sites with more moderate growth conditions may be able to take up much of the available N from larger applications of these slow-release amendments. But on newly seeded sites in high elevation conditions with slow growth potential, the plants may not be large enough to capture N as it is released. An amendment with high carbon such as wood chips or shreds may immobilize excess N by incorporating it into microbial biomass as the mulch degrades. This mulch layer would also help retain organic duff to rebuild the soil. Combinations of existing organic amendments may provide slower, more long-lasting N release. Development of a soil test to specifically measure slowly releasing organic N would improve monitoring and management of erosive slopes.

关键词：公路；侵蚀控制；排水；植被；生物质能

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A CHARMM molecular mechanics force field for lignin is derived. Parameteriza- tion is based on reproducing quantum mechanical data of model compounds. Partial atomic charges are derived by the examination of methoxybenzene: water interactions. Dihedral parameters are optimized by fitting to critical rotational potentials, and bonded parameters are obtained by optimizing vibrational frequencies and normal modes. The force field is validated by performing a molecular dynamics simulation of a crystal of a lignin fragment molecule and comparing simulation-derived structural features with experimental results. Together with the existing force field for polysaccharides, this work will enable full simulations of lignocellulose.

关键词：纤维素；乙醇；生物质转化；生物质能；分子动力学

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Chino Mine site in Silver City, New Mexico, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provided technical assistance for this project. The purpose of this report is to assess the site for a possible photovoltaic (PV) system installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options. In addition, the report recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site. This study did not assess environmental conditions at the site. The Chino Mine is located near the town of Hurley in Grant County, New Mexico, about 12 miles east of Silver City. Chino Mine, which is owned by Freeport-McMoRan Incorporated (FMI), is one of the largest open-pit copper mines in the world, covering over 9,000 acres. There are three sites for this study. Site 1 is a smelter facility that has 23 acres, and site reclamation is complete. Site 2 has 277 acres, and site reclamation has begun and is scheduled to be complete by the end of 2014. Site 3 is the largest site with 1,700 acres, and reclamation was complete at the end of 2012.

关键词：太阳能；太阳能光伏性能；经济学

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国家能源局6月17日消息，为贯彻落实《电力安全事故应急处置和调查处理条例》，适应新形势下电力安全事件监督管理工作要求，近日，国家能源局对原国家电监会发布的《电力安全事件监督管理暂行规定》进行了修订，形成了《电力安全事件监督管理规定》（简称《规定》），并正式印发。此次修订工作基于原规定执行两年以来的实践经验，结合各相关单位反馈意见，重点针对十项电力安全事件做了更为清晰、合理的界定，使之更加符合电力行业安全生产监管实际。《规定》还对电力安全事件的报告程序做了简化，对报送时限做了进一步的细化。

关键词：电力；行业要闻

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A comparison of satellite-derived solar resource with nine high-quality, ground-based solar radiation measurements from NOAA's Surface Radiation (SURFRAD) Network, the Integrated Surface Insolation Study (ISIS) Network, the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) at NREL, and DOE's Solar Resource and Meteorological Assessment Project (SOLRMAP) program was conducted. The comparison was made using data from 2009 for various locations. Our results showed that the satellite-based method underpredicted both global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI). GHI values were underestimated by about 13to 22for the stations located in a desert environment, such as Desert Rock, Nevada, and SOLRMAP stations located around southwest Nevada and Arizona. We found that the Satellite Algorithm for Shortwave Radiation Budget (SASRAB) radiative transfer model caused the underprediction of GHI and DNI, especially in clear-sky situations and low zenith angles (around solar noon). Using other radiative transfer algorithms reduced the bias from SASRAB, and it is expected that the accuracy of the satellite-based product will significantly improve with the introduction of a high-quality, radiative transfer model. Future work will aim to reduce the biases by using better input parameters and applying these parameters to a better, simple, clear-sky radiative transfer model that properly accounts for the parameters.

关键词：太阳能；NOAA；物理反演方法；验证；表面辐射

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Cofiring of biomass and coal at electrical generation facilities is gaining in importance as a means of reducing fossil fuel consumption, and more than 40 facilities in the United States have conducted test burns. Given the large size of many coal plants, cofiring at even low rates has the potential to utilize relatively large volumes of biomass. This could have important forest management implications if harvest residues or salvage timber are supplied to coal plants. Other feedstocks suitable for cofiring include wood products manufacturing residues, woody municipal wastes, agricultural residues, short-rotation intensive culture forests, or hazard fuel removals. Cofiring at low rates can often be done with minimal changes to plant handling and processing equipment, requiring little capital investment. Cofiring at higher rates can involve repowering entire burners to burn biomass in place of coal, or in some cases, repowering entire powerplants. Our research evaluates the current status of biomass cofiring in North America, identifying current trends and success stories, types of biomass used, coal plant sizes, and primary cofiring regions. We also identify potential barriers to cofiring. Results are presented for more than a dozen plants that are currently cofiring or have recently announced plans to cofire.

关键词：生物质能；煤炭；化石燃料；森林；燃油消耗

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Technical concerns with integrating higher penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) systems include grid stability, voltage regulation, power quality (voltage rise, sags, flicker, and frequency fluctuations), and protection and coordination. The current utility grid was designed to accommodate power flows from the central generation source to the transmission system and eventually to the distribution feeders. At the distribution level, the system was designed to carry power from the substation toward the load. Renewable distributed generation, particularly solar PV, provides power at the distribution level challenging this classical paradigm. As these resources become more commonplace the nature of the distribution network and its operation is changing to handle power flow in both directions. A large portion of distribution system components, including voltage regulators and protection systems, were not designed to coordinate with bidirectional power flow and bidirectional fault currents from distributed generation and PV systems in particular. Coordinating these devices in the presence of high penetration PV areas introduces additional challenges to feasibility and system impact studies. Some cases require modification of existing protection schemes, additional distribution equipment, or reactive power requirements on the PV inverters. This report is focused on large PV installations in which penetration is significantly greater than 15of maximum daytime feeder load. To date the impact on the electric utility and its customers has not been problematic in any of these cases. The PV system installations described in this report exceeds what most experts consider high penetration scenarios. The voltage, power quality, and other operating parameters have been maintained within the required ranges with minimal negative impact on distribution operations and utility customers. These case studies are intended to demonstrate success stories with integration of large PV plants at the distribution level as well as some of the solutions used by the utility to ensure safe, reliable operation of both the PV system and the distribution network.

关键词：太阳能；高渗透光伏；研究报告

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Norway, the largest holder of natural gas and oil reserves in Europe, provides much of the oil and gas consumed on the continent. In fact, Norway was the second largest exporter of natural gas in the world after Russia, and the seventh largest exporter of oil. In 2010, crude oil, natural gas, and pipeline transport services accounted for almost 50 percent of Norway's exports revenues, 21 percent of GDP, and 26 percent of government revenues according to the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). Although Norway's oil production peaked in 2001 at 3.4 million barrels per day (bbl/d) and declined to 2.0 million bbl/d in 2011, natural gas production has been steadily increasing since 1993, reaching 3.6 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in 2011. Hydropower is the principal source of Norway's electricity supply at 95 percent, while only 4 percent comes from conventional thermal sources, followed by 1 percent from other renewables, namely biomass and waste and wind. In June 2012, government officials from Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK) confirmed their plans for subsea electric power interconnects between their countries. The Norway-UK cable connection is slated for completion in 2020 while the Norway-Germany cable is to be completed in 2018; their purpose is to strengthen the northern European electricity grid and increase supply security.

关键词：石油生产;石油消费量;二氧化碳排放量;生物质能

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本报告从能源行业事件分析；竞争环境、竞争对手、行业数据等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：行业事件分析；竞争环境；竞争对手；行业数据

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