The term 3PL refers to third-party logistics, which essentially involves a vendor catering to the logistics and distribution management of outsourced products and services of various companies.

关键词：日本；第三方物流；服务外包；销售管理

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A military flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flight and various aspects of the flight environment. Flight simulators are categorized into two types: FFS and FSTD. An FFS is a replica of a specific type or model and series of an aircraft cockpit, whereas an FSTD is a replica of flight controls and devices. There are four levels of FFS, i.e., levels A-D, with level D being the highest standard and providing acceleration in all six DOF. A flight simulator covers simulation in three areas, i.e., aircraft, environment, and cueing simulation.

关键词：军方飞行模拟器；人为；重新创建飞机；FFS；FSTD

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Stand-up pouches are widely used in the packaging of food, beverages, fertilizers, pet food, and cosmetics. They have various features such as zipper reclosures, pour spouts, slider closures, release valves, and strong shelf presence. Stand-up pouches have high clarity and excellent barrier properties. The raw materials used in the production of stand-up pouches are LLDPE, PPE, BOPP, and PE.

关键词：立袋；食品；饮料；肥料；宠物食品；包装；LLDPE；PPE；BOPP；PE

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报告从行业事件分析、政策环境、市场环境、旅游交通、国际环境等相关行业数据方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：政策环境；市场环境；旅游交通；国际环境

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The fleet management market in Europe will exhibit steady growth in the forecast period; many of the fleet management service providers are based in this region.

关键词：欧洲；车队管理；高效数据管理系统

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关键词：移动出行用车；专车；拼车；用户规模

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Economic uncertainty in the European Union has negatively impacted the luxury yacht market; however, the yacht market is expected to improve over the forecast period.

关键词：欧洲；豪华游艇；游艇制造；新材料；新技术

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In recent years, bikeshare systems have spread throughout the United States. Despite the increase in systems and users, little is known about how bikeshare member demographics and travel patterns compare with those of traditional bicyclists. To bridge the gap, this study investigated bikeshare system user travel behavior and developed a profile of user demographics through the comparison of short-term (1 day) users and annual members of Capital Bikeshare (CaBi) in Washington, D.C., with profiles of area bicyclists. Data originated from a Washington, D.C., regional household travel survey of 2007-2008, an intercept survey of short-term CaBi users, and an online survey of annual CaBi members. The analysis compared gender, race and ethnicity, age, and student status, as well as socioeconomic status across the surveys. The comparison included trip purpose, helmet use, and travel modes for trips that were replaced by bikesharing. Profiles of CaBi and area cyclists differed with respect to many demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Compared with area cyclists, CaBi short-term users and annual members were more likely to be female and younger, to have lower household incomes, and to own fewer cars and fewer bicycles and were more likely to cycle for utilitarian purposes. CaBi trips mainly replaced trips made by public transport and by walking. CaBi short-term users and members shared similar characteristics, but short-term users were more likely to ride for recreational purposes and were less likely to wear a helmet. The study results indicated that bikesharing can encourage new segments of society to cycle and can help increase the bicycling mode share overall.

关键词：大气；自行车；空气保护

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The driver-specific data available from naturalistic driving studies provide a unique perspective from which to test and calibrate car-following models. As equipment and data storage costs continue to decline, the collection of data through in situ probe-type vehicles is likely to become more popular, and thus there is a need to assess the feasibility of these data for the modeling of driver car-following behavior. This study focused on the costs and benefits of naturalistic data for use in mobility applications. Any project seeking to use naturalistic data should plan for a complex and potentially costly data reduction process to extract mobility data. A case study was based on data from the database of the 100-Car Study conducted by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. One thousand minutes' worth of data comprising more than 2,000 car-following events recorded across eight drivers from a section of multilane highway located near Washington, D.C., was compiled. The collected event data were used to calibrate four different car-following models, and a comparative analysis of model performance was conducted. The results of model calibration are given in tabular format, displayed on the fundamental diagram, and shown with sample event charts of speed versus time and headway versus time. When compared with the Gipps, intelligent driver, and Gaxis-Herman-Rothery models, the Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid model was found to perform best in matching individual drivers and in matching aggregate results.

关键词：汽车；跟车行为；数据建模

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Rear-end crashes on freeways contribute significantly to nonrecurring congestion. Reducing these events would significantly improve freeway capacity, particularly during peak hours. Although promising coun-termeasures, such as variable speed limits, changeable message signs, and vehicle-based improvements, are under consideration, currently there is a shortage of demonstrably proven countermeasures targeted at freeway rear-end crashes. Liability rules, in which the direct cost associated with a crash is divided between the drivers, their insurance companies, or both, are a primary mechanism for influencing the occurrence of freeway rear-end crashes. An exploratory effort uses concepts from evolutionary game theory to predict the effects of liability rules on rear-end crashes. In a typical two-vehicle car-following scenario, driving behavior can be associated with a utility that each driver expects to achieve depending on his or her and the opponent's actions. Such interactions between leader and follower are modeled as the outcome of an evolutionary process in which drivers with different driving behaviors are randomly and repeatedly matched against each other to play a two-player game. The outcome of these games determines the fraction of drivers pursuing a particular driving strategy for the next phase of the game. The stable long-run distribution of driving strategies is then used to predict the proportion of drivers who are more likely to be involved in a rear-end accident. It turns out that when direct crash costs are allocated evenly to the involved drivers, a population in which all drivers act to avoid crashes is not evolutionarily stable.

关键词：汽车；交通拥挤；博弈论

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