The mining sector in Colombia is very diverse, including a variety of extraction methods (open pit, alluvium, underground, melting) and scales of operation (traditional, small, medium, and large mining), as well as a myriad of exploited minerals. Around 30 different minerals are extracted in the country, the most important being coal, gold, nickel, iron ore, emeralds, silver, platinum, limestone cement, and salt. Despite recent efforts by ANM and the national government, illegal mining, especially of gold, continues to be a problem. Furthermore, Colombians are still sceptical about the positives that the mining industry can have for their lives and for the economy as a whole, with mayors, judges, and the general public, often rejecting the development of new projects.

预计 2020 年全球油服市场景气度将持续复苏。“七年行动计划”政策驱动国内勘探开发油服板块业绩强势增长，盈利能力持续自底部反弹；政策调控推动管网建设、LNG接收站建设等板块需求快速增长。预计行业工作量大幅提升将推动国内油服公司业绩弹性快速释放，盈利能力明显改善，推荐龙头企业海油工程、中油工程、中海油服（H），关注博迈科、石化油服（H）。 

10 月煤炭产量同比环比双升，三大主产区产能增速环比分化：2019 年1-10 月，全国煤炭产量30.63 亿吨，同比增长4.5%。10 月当月,全国煤炭产量3.25 亿吨,同比增长4.4%，增速与上月保持一致，月度环比增长0.22%。10 月份山西、内蒙古、陕西产量分别同比增长2.05%、4.63%和4.01%，环比分别下降4.65%、增长2.95%、增长7.76%。9 月三省合计产量占全国产量的比重为71.75%，较上月升0.1 个百分点。

In 2018, the performance of the coal sector in China improved, which was attributed to a number of factors, such as favourable domestic economic conditions, the ongoing supply-side reform and coal industry consolidation. In addition, there was high market demand from the steel sector, increased power consumption and a recovery in thermal power generation. These market conditions stimulated growth in coal prices, which although hiked to USD 120 per tonne on international markets in July 2018, remained at healthy levels. The stronger performance of China’s coal sector in 2018 was also a result of improved balance between supply and demand, supported by implementation of the government’s regulatory measures on coal pricing and import volumes throughout 2018. The production efficiency and profitability in the sector increased. The revenue of the major coal mining enterprises rose by 5.5% y/y to RMB 2.3tn, according to China National Coal Association, while their profit increased by 5.2% y/y to RMB 288.8bn. The number of coal mining enterprises rose to 4,505, up from 4,435 in 2017, while the number of coal mines was cut to 3,373, down from 3,907 in 2017. The average annual production capacity expanded to about 920,000 tonnes.

The coal mining industry in China has been undergoing an intense consolidation process, which has resulted in a decreasing number of small inefficient businesses and a growing number of large coal enterprises. Due to their extensive scale of operations and big market shares, SOEs are the sector’s main revenue generators. In 2018, the country’s top ten coal producers generated over 34.6% of the total revenue of coal mining, up from the 27.1% share in 2017. The government’s industry reforms envisage further consolidation of the mining sector, which is likely to intensify the M&A activity. In order to boost their profits along the value chain, coal producers are expected to further expand their presence into segments such as syngas, olefins and liquid fuels, as well as coal-to-oil conversion. They will also work on diversifying their business scope with renewable energy development, power generation and transportation.

由于内蒙古根据各企业超产情况发放煤管票，导致之前超产的地方煤矿产量释放受限。8 月当月，全国煤炭产量 31602万吨，同比增长 5.0%。部分区域在台风过后出现高温，刺激了电煤需求小幅回升，加之来水较往年偏枯一成，也支撑电煤需求有所反弹，8 月全国煤炭销量为 30500 吨，同比增长 6.6%。动力煤价格相对平稳。

基于煤炭开采现状分析，系统梳理了煤炭安全绿色开发相关政策内容，从行政管制和经济工具角度对现有政策进行分类，通过构建煤炭安全绿色开发政策评价指标体系，对相关政策进行评价，分析煤炭开采政策存在的问题。最后，提出相应的政策建议。

我国煤炭企业在转型发展过程中，由于煤炭产品的同质性及煤炭市场的不确定性，使煤炭企业面临严峻挑战，在这种情况下，市场营销起着至关重要的作用。本文在分析转型期煤炭企业市场营销现状的基础上，对煤炭企业转型过程中市场营销存在的问题提出一系列营销策略。