PCR is the enzymatic amplification of a specific DNA fragment targeted by two oligonucleotide primers. It is a surprisingly simple concept but a technology that has become increasingly powerful and broadly implemented. Starting with a DNA or RNA template, repeated cycles of denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerasemediated primer extension generate an exponential accumulation of a specific targeted fragment that can be analyzed by a variety of methods. In addition, PCR is a widely popular and advanced technology used in modern laboratories, which was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. Nowadays, PCR is a common and often an indispensable technique, which is used in medical and biological research laboratories for a variety of applications. The technique also allows to perform complex DNA sequencing, electrophoresis or even making custom DNA chains by directly cloning the DNA strands into plasmids.

The report provides market dynamics and trends related to the bioprocess validation market. In addition, it presents estimations and forecast of the market. Bioprocess validation involves a series of activities taking place over the entire production cycle of a bio-product. An important part of bioprocess validation requires the evaluation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and possible contaminants such as mycoplasma, bacteria, endotoxin, and others during the development and manufacture processes of human and animal drugs, or other biological products.

数字经济时代，在算力浪潮之中，数据中心之于数据，犹如犀舟之于货物，起到承载、传输、存储等作用，为算力保驾护航。我们在本篇报告中重点分析了行业演变规律、美国发展经验以及上下游面临的痛点，聚焦行业未来发展趋势，我们认为头部集中化、区位分层化、运维专业化、服务智能化、技术融合化将IDC行业逐渐从无序扩张带入差异化竞争的下半场。建议关注在行业高速扩张中，提供更高服务价值、具备优质区位资源、专注技术降本增效的头部第三方IDC 公司。

Immunotherapy has emerged as an innovative treatment option over decades, as it harnesses the patient’s immune system to attack cancer. In 1891, William B. Coley, MD, first attempted to harness the immune system for treating cancer. The scientific community has been pursuing research for the development of CAR T-cell therapy over a century. The engineered CAR T-cell receptors were first created and developed in 1987 by Dr. Zelig Eshhar, an Israeli immunologist from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. On August 30, 2017, Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel), a synthetic bio immune product of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, was approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of cancers such as relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Novarts AG is the first company to get approval for the first CAR T-cell immunotherapy. Currently, CAR T-cell therapy is developed by more than 100 companies across the globe.

Bioinformatics is used in various fields of biology. It is a combination of information technology, statistics, molecular biology, and algorithms used to analyze data obtained from various experiments. The bioinformatics market analyzed in this report includes sectors, technology & services, and applications as major segments. The technology & services segment is further classified into knowledge management tools, bioinformatics platforms, and bioinformatics services. The report analyzes the major sector markets into medical bioinformatics, agriculture, animal, academics, and others. The application segment includes proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, molecular phylogenetics, and chemoinformatics. This report excludes in depth analysis of next generation sequencing and cloud-based services of bioinformatics service providers. The scope of the bioinformatics market report is to study need of integration of data in the field of bioinformatics and role played by bioinformatics tools in discovery and development of drugs and adoption level of bioinformatics tools in the developed and developing regions.

The skin forms the outer covering of the body, consisting of two specialized layers, i.e., the dermis and the epidermis. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system and performs a wide range of functions such as protecting from microbes and other foreign elements, regulating body temperature, and permitting the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. Skin substitutes are alternatives to replace the functions of the skin that can provide temporary or permanent coverage to open skin wounds. Also called dermal substitutes, skin alternatives encompass an array of biological products, including biological skin substitutes (allograft and xenograft), amniotic and placenta tissues, synthetic skin, and bioengineered skin substitutes. They are a heterogeneous group of biologic, synthetic, or biosynthetic materials that mainly aim to replicate the properties of the normal skin.

Biodegradable engine oils, also known as bio-lubricants and bio-lubes, are biodegradable and nontoxic lubricants. Organic lubricants are usually made by using raw materials such as rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, coconut oil, and animal fats. In terms of non-toxicity, sustainability, carbon neutral, and environmentally safe, bio-lubricants provide many advantages over conventionally used petroleum-based product offerings. Attributed to the high flash point and high stability, the use of bio-lubricants over traditional lubricants is comparatively better. Bio-lubricants are used for a variety of applications across a diverse set of industries, including automotive, marine, construction, and others.