Stability of a fuzzy control system is closely related to the analytical structure of the fuzzy controller, which is determined by its components such as input and output fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules. We first characterize the mathematical input-output structure of fuzzy controllers and then utilize the structure characteristics to advance stability analysis. We study how the components of a general class of Mamdani fuzzy controllers dictate the controller's input-output relationship. The controllers can use input fuzzy sets of any types, arbitrary fuzzy rules, arbitrary inference methods, either Zadeh or the product fuzzy logic AND operator, singleton output fuzzy sets, and the centroid defuzzifier. We theoretically prove that regardless of the choices for the other components, if and only if Zadeh fuzzy AND operator and piecewise linear (e.g., trapezoidal or triangular) input fuzzy sets are used, the fuzzy controllers become a peculiar class of nonlinear controllers with the following interesting characteristics: (1) they are linear with respect to input variables; (2) their control gains dynamically change with the input variables; and (3) they become linear controllers with constant gains around the system equilibrium point. These properties make the fuzzy controllers suitable for analysis and design using conventional control theory. This necessary and sufficient condition becomes a sufficient condition if the product AND operator is employed instead. We name the fuzzy controllers of this peculiar class type-A fuzzy controllers. Taking advantage of this new structure knowledge, we have established a necessary and sufficient local stability condition for the type-A fuzzy control systems. It can be used not only for the stability determination, but also for practically designing a type-A fuzzy control system that is at least stable at the equilibrium point even when model of the controlled system is mathematically unknown. Three numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the utility of our new findings.

关键词：控制器；模糊控制系统；稳定性

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The goal of this project was to determine whether or not the toxicity of ultrafine (UFP; particles . 0.18 Em aerodynamic diameter) particles depends on the concentration and composition of semi-volatile and non-volatile fractions of the PM. We tested the hypothesis that adverse effects of exposure to these UFP, which are primarily emitted by combustion sources and are highly enriched in semi-volatile components, will be significantly attenuated by removal of those components from the aerosol. We used a unique mobile in vivo rodent exposure system in combination with a particle concentrator and thermal denuder to study the cardiopulmonary effects of UFP, before and after the removal of the semi-volatile components.

关键词：大气；呼吸疾病；空气污染

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Emergency control, including emergency operation dispatching and automatic emergency control that provides reliability and survivability of the electric power grids plays an important part in controlling the operating conditions of large Electric Power Systems (EPS)s, as introduced in the previous chapter. Emergency control is performed by the technological (dispatching and automatic) control systems that include the automatic systems of voltage, frequency and capacity regulation, basic automatic systems of EPS elements, relay protection and automatic line control, system emergency control.

关键词：紧急控制；急诊手术调度；电力网

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Energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2012 were the lowest in the United States since 1994, at 5.3 billion metric tons of CO2 (see figure above). With the exception of 2010, emissions have declined every year since 2007.

关键词：大气；全球变暖；空气污染

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There are large amount of ammonia in coking wastewater.It is a good recycling desulfurizer.Sintering flue gas has the characteristics,such as large amount of,low SO2 concentration,great changes of operation load.Treating sintering flue gas with coking wastewater can attain the destination of treating waste with waste.This paper adopts a spray tower countercurrent device,and SO2 concentration in the entrance and exit flue gas is on line detected by an automatic flue gas detection instrument.The paper studies on the change rule of SO2 concentration in the process of treating sintering flue gas using coking wastewater,and the influence of SO2 initial concentration in sintering flue gas to the desuifurization rate.The results show that after being treated the sintering flue gas can reach the emission standard for air pollutants of iron and steel industry.

关键词：大气；焦化废水；空气治理

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A semi-active (SA) control system based on the use of smart mag-netorheological (MR) dampers to control the structural response of a wind turbine is proposed herein. The innovative approach is based on the implementation and use of a variable-properties base restraint. This is able to modify in real time its mechanical properties according to the instantaneous decision of a given control logic, the latter addressed to control one or more structural response parameters. The smart base restraint is thought to be a combination of a smooth hinge, elastic springs, large-scale adjustable MR dampers, and a control algorithm that instantaneously commands the latter during the motion, making them to modulate the reactive force as needed to achieve the performance goals. The design and operation of such a system are shown with reference to a case study consisting of an almost 100 m tall wind turbine, realized in a 1/20 scale model at the Denmark Technical University (DTU). Shaking table tests have been performed under the action of two different types of wind loads and by using two purposely written control logics, highlighting the high effectiveness of the proposed SA control technique and encouraging to further investigate in such direction.

关键词：半主动控制；风力发电机组；磁流变阻尼器

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This project centered on a close interaction between the TCON Division of Fire line, Inc. and various individuals affiliated with the College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) at Youngstown State University (YSU). Fireline, a local company within 10 minutes walking distance from the YSU campus core, has developed a unique process that utilizes displacement reactions to transform ceramic preforms into ceramic-metallic co-continuous interpenetrating phase composites with enhanced properties while retaining the original shape and dimensions of the preform. Through initial development efforts, it was discovered that TCON(TradeName) composite materials have extraordinary macro-, micro-, and nanoscale features that lead to their exceptional properties ideal for applications that require cost effective, lightweight materials. The unique properties of TCON composites in general are derived from the fine interlocking of ceramic and metallic phases throughout the composite microstructure. The ceramic phase provides high stiffness, low density and high strength to the composite, while the continuous network of reinforced metal gives high thermal & electrical conductivity, and high fracture toughness to the material. Such properties make these materials excellent candidates for replacing traditional materials in a number of applications, such as high wear/corrosion resistant refractory shapes for molten metal transport and/or containment in industrial processes (the major area in which Fireline currently commercializes some of its TCON products), or for new applications, including light weight, high strength components for vehicle braking systems.

关键词：二氧化碳；催化剂；中心的运输与材料工程

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Motion control system is a challenging problem in the area of control systems. It is very useful to demonstrate concepts in linear control such as the stabilization of unstable systems. Motion control system plays important roles in industrial equipment such as machine tools, semiconductor manufacturing systems, and robot systems. One type of motion control system is the point-to-point (FTP) positioning system, which is used to move an object from one point to another point. Linear motion servo system is a machine that moves the cart from one point to another point. This system consists of a cart driven by a DC motor, via a rack and pinion mechanism to ensure consistent and continuous traction. Till date, many types of controllers have been proposed and evaluated for positioning systems. Two types of controllers discussed in this thesis are Proportional-Velocity (PV) and Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following (NCTF). The experimental results showed that the PV was successfully implemented which controlled the settling time, rise time, and steady-state error of the desired position. However, the overshoot performances show its disadvantages. Additionally, the PV controller design is a time-consuming process, since model and parameters of the linear motion servo system are needed. Therefore, the needs for higher performance controller become important for the simplicity of the controller design. Hence, the investigation proceeds with the non-model-based NCTF controller to control the cart position of the linear motion servo system. The NCTF controller consists of a Nominal Characteristic Trajectory (NCT) and PI compensator. The NCTF controller was designed based on a simple open-loop experiment of the object. The experimental results showed that the NCTF controller is more effective for controlling the position of linear motion servo system than the PV controller.

关键词：标称特性轨迹跟踪；性能比较；运动控制系统

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The overall purpose of this project was to identify, evaluate, select, develop, and test a suite of enhancements to the GoldSim software program, in order to make it a better tool for use in support of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) projects. The GoldSim software is a foundational tool used by scientists at NETL and at other laboratories and research institutions to evaluate system=level risks of proposed CCS projects.

关键词：大气；碳排放；碳转化

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Mechanical systems with synchronization functionality have been used for many complex production tasks that cannot be carried out by a single machine and/or individual mechanism. Synchronized control approach is one of the key issues to achieve the synchronized motion of mechanical systems, which attracts more and more attention from academic research to applications. There are many types of mechanical systems that require synchronized control, which have different kinematics and dynamics. It is not an easy job to use a unified synchronized control algorithm for all mechanical systems. This chapter summarizes the work on synchronized control mainly developed by the authors and their colleagues. In the presentation it tries to use several classical mechanical systems to show the design philosophy of the synchronized control systems, and consequently establishes a reader/user-friendly framework with tutorial, survey, applications, and potential research expansion.

关键词：机械系统；同步控制；交叉耦合的错误

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