The objective of the Electrochemical Energy Storage program is to develop enabling materials systems for future electrochemical energy storage devices. The program focuses on developing nanostructured electrodes and improved solid state electrolytes for high power & energy density devices and to explore new 3D nanostructured architectures to enable optimal performance. The goal is to supply performance improvement (i.e. increased power and energy density, longer shelf and use life, and higher charge/discharge rates) as well as provide new capabilities such as flexibility or the ability to incorporate energy storage directly into electronic devices, structures, or fabrics. Application focus for improved electrochemical energy storage materials is small autonomously powered remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs), airfield support, deployed airbase power, and portable soldier power. Near term goal is to increase energy density to allow 4-5X mission duration. Long term goal is to provide an autonomous power system by coupling improved energy storage with energy harvesting to permit 24/7 operation.

关键词：电化学储能；电极；电解质；能量密度；高功率；纳米结构；远程驾驶车辆；固体电解质；三维

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The overall project goal is to reduce the cost of home and neighborhood photovoltaic storage systems by reducing the single largest cost component the energy storage cells. Solar power is accepted as an environmentally advantaged renewable power source. Its deployment in small communities and integrated into the grid, requires a safe, reliable and low cost energy storage system. The incumbent technology of lead acid cells is large, toxic to produce and dispose of, and offer limited life even with significant maintenance. The ideal PV storage battery would have the safety and low cost of lead acid but the performance of lithium ion chemistry. Present lithium ion batteries have the desired performance but cost and safety remain the two key implementation barriers.

关键词：储能技术；锂离子；电动电池；光伏电源；太阳能

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Single-layer graphene sheets have significantly broadened the horizon of nanotechnology with the unique electronic, optical, quantum mechanical and mechanical properties associated with the two-dimensional atomic crystal structure. To best utilize this material for practical applications, it is crucial to prevent the spontaneous aggregation between individual graphene sheets while composite materials are formed. Numerous efforts have been made to stabilize functionalized graphene sheets on molecular or polymeric species. Biomolecules such as DNA and proteins have also been grafted onto graphene planes and used for biosensors, controlled drug-delivery as well as cancer imaging. As well as biomedical applications, graphene sheets can also be hybridized with biomolecules into energy-storage devices to increase the conductivity of the active materials that are often insulators. In previous work, ultrasonication or chemical reduction, followed by heat treatment, have been adopted to achieve composites between graphene and various materials (e.g., LiFePO4 and SnO2). However, due to the non-specific nature of the interactions between the graphene templates and active materials, it is expected that only random and inhomogeneous contacts are created, leaving the segregation on nano- or even sub-micrometer levels.

关键词：储能；混合动力系统；原子结构；生物分子；晶体结构；活性材料；传感器；基因工程

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The increased use of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) for geolocation has led to an increased reliance on this technology. Jamming , protecting jamming , and detecting jamming in a WSN are areas of study that have greatly increased in interest. This research uses simulations and data collected from hardware experiments to test the effects of jamming on a WSN. Hardware jamming was tested using a Universal Software Radio Peripheral(USRP) Version 2 to assess the effects of jamming on a cooperative network of Java Sun SPOTs. The research combines simulations and data collected from the hardware experiments to see the effects of jamming on cooperative and noncooperative geolocation.

关键词：多传感器；位置查找；无线电干扰；无线电信号；无线计算机网络；计算机模拟，定向天线；对数周期天线；全向天线；无线电接收器，无线电发射机；信号处理

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The Dempster-Shafer Theory, a generalization of the Bayesian theory, is based on the idea of belief and as such can handle ignorance. When all of the required information is available, many data fusion methods provide a solid approach. Yet, most do not have a good way of dealing with ignorance. In the absence of information, these methods must then make assumptions about the sensor data. However, the real data may not fit well within the assumed model. Consequently, the results are often unsatisfactory and inconsistent. The Dempster-Shafer Theory is not hindered by incomplete models or by the lack of prior information. Evidence is assigned based solely on what is known, and nothing is assumed. Hence, it can provide a fast and accurate means for multi-sensor fusion with ignorance. In this research, we apply the Dempster-Shafer Theory in target tracking and in gait analysis. We also discuss the Dempster-Shafer framework for fusing data from a Global Positioning System(GPS) and an Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU) sensor unit for precise local navigation. Within this application,we present solutions where GPS outages occur.

关键词：数据融合；不确定性；多传感器；随机过程

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An efficiency of an multi-robot systems depends on proper coordinating tasks of all robots. This paper presents a game theoretic approach to modelling and solving the pick-up and collection problem. The classical form of this problem is modified in order to introduce the aspect of an uncertainty related to an information about the workspace inside of which robots are intended to perform the task. The process of modelling the problem in game theoretic framework, as well as cooperative solution to the problem is discussed in thise paper. Results of exemplary simulations are presented to prove the suitability of theapproach presented.

关键词：机器人；任务规划；不确定性；游戏理论

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This book chapter addresses the intelligent power management of a hybrid - fuel cell/energy storage- distributed generator connected to a power grid, it presents an adaptive neuro-fuzzy control strategy to manage the active power between the two power sources: fuel cell and battery. A validated PEM (Proton Exchange membrane) fuel cell dynamic model along with dynamic models for the battery bank, the boost DC/DC converter and the three-phase grid-connected inverter are given. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the power management scheme. They show that the real and reactive power delivered by the fuel cell system to the utility grid can be controlled as desired, while the state of charge of the battery and the utilization factor of the fuel cell are maintained well within their prescribed ranges.

关键词：储能技术；智能电源管理；燃料电池；储能分布式发电机；转换器

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This research analyzes the potential reduction in battery lease payments for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in California that incorporate the value from postvehicle, stationary provision of grid services. PEV batteries repurposed into distributed electrical storage appliances (DESAs) might provide valuable services to electricity customers, utilities, and regional grid operators alike, with improved grid operation, deferred costly upgrades, and support for the penetration and profitability of intermittent renewable energy. This research advances methods for analyzing combined vehicular and postvehicular value and uses new and increasingly sophisticated inputs, including specific PEV characterizations and value for 19 grid applications. The results showed positive but sometimes modest potential benefits. Bounding scenarios all showed reductions in battery lease payments. For the Chevy Volt-based example, which exhibited a 22reduction in the base case, the bounding scenarios ranged from 1to 32. Monte Carlo analysis indicated that the point estimates that were developed might need downward adjustment to account for uncertainty, a situation that would possibly negate second-life benefit. The analysis indicated that if valuable regulation revenues were hotly contested and provided limited impetus to DESA commercialization, value from multiple applications would be necessary to support profitability. This possibility makes the artful combination of services a critical uncertainty. One previously identified combination of multiapplications related to servicing local air-conditioning loads was examined as the base case and was found to be attractive. Another important uncertainty is the cost of power-conditioning requirements, which must also be optimized or reduced with specific combined-load profiles, for example, through coupling DESAs with local photovoltaics.

关键词：储能技术；电池；电网储能；插电式电动车；电池租赁；运营商

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The U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Storage Systems (ESS) Program, through the support of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), facilitated the development of the protocol provided in this report. The focus of the protocol is to provide a uniform way of measuring, quantifying, and reporting the performance of EESs in various applications; something that does not exist today and, as such, is hampering the consideration and use of this technology in the market. The availability of an application-specific protocol for use in measuring and expressing performance-related metrics of ESSs will allow technology developers, power-grid operators and other end-users to evaluate the performance of energy storage technologies on a uniform and comparable basis. This will help differentiate technologies and products for specific application(s) and provide transparency in how performance is measured. It also will assist utilities and other consumers of ESSs make more informed decisions as they consider the potential application and use of ESSs, as well as form the basis for documentation that might be required to justify utility investment in such technologies.

关键词：能量存储系统；文档；投资；性能评价

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The Value Prior to Pulping (VPP) project goal was to demonstrate the technical and commercial feasibility of introducing a new value stream into existing pulp and paper mills. Essentially the intent was to transfer the energy content of extracted hemicellulose from electricity and steam generated in the recovery boiler to a liquid transportation fuel. The hemicellulose fraction was extracted prior to pulping, fractionated, or conditioned if necessary, and fermented to ethanol. Commercial adaptation of the process to wood hemicelluloses was a prerequisite for using this less currently valued component available from biomass and wood. These hemicelluloses are predominately glucurono-xylan in hardwoods and galactoglucomannan in softwoods (with a significant softwood component of an arabino-xylan) and will yield fermentation substrates different from cellulose. NREL provided its expertise in the area of fermentation host evaluation using its Zymomonas strains on the CleanTech Partner's (CTP) VPP project. The project was focused on the production of fuel ethanol and acetic acid from hemicellulose streams generated from wood chips of industrially important hardwood and softwood species. NREL was one of four partners whose ethanologen was tested on the hydrolyzed extracts. The use of commercially available enzymes to treat oligomeric sugar extracts was also investigated and coupled with fermentation. Fermentations by NREL were conducted with the Zymomonas mobilis organism with most of the work being performed with the 8b strain. The wood extracts hydrolyzed and/or fermented by NREL were those derived from maple, mixed southern hardwoods, and loblolly pine. An unhydrolyzed variant of the mixed southern hardwood extract possessed a large concentration of oligomeric sugars and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with a number of enzymes, followed by fermentation. The fermentation of the wood extracts was carried out at bench scale in flasks or small bioreactors, with a maximum volume of 500 mL.

关键词：生物质燃料；纤维素；乙酸；酶法水解；半纤维素

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