This project provides critical innovations and fundamental understandings that enable development of an economically-viable process for catalytic conversion of biomass (sugar) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A low-cost ionic liquid (Cyphos 106) is discovered for fast conversion of fructose into HMF under moderate reaction conditions without any catalyst. HMF yield from fructose is almost 100on the carbon molar basis. Adsorbent materials and adsorption process are invented and demonstrated for separation of 99pure HMF product and recovery of the ionic liquid from the reaction mixtures. The adsorbent material appears very stable in repeated adsorption/regeneration cycles. Novel membrane-coated adsorbent particles are made and demonstrated to achieve excellent adsorption separation performances at low pressure drops. This is very important for a practical adsorption process because ionic liquids are known of high viscosity. Nearly 100conversion (or dissolution) of cellulose in the catalytic ionic liquid into small molecules was observed. It is promising to produce HMF, sugars and other fermentable species directly from cellulose feedstock. However, several gaps were identified and could not be resolved in this project. Reaction and separation tests at larger scales are needed to minimize impacts of incidental errors on the mass balance and to show 99.9ionic liquid recovery. The cellulose reaction tests were troubled with poor reproducibility. Further studies on cellulose conversion in ionic liquids under better controlled conditions are necessary to delineate reaction products, dissolution kinetics, effects of mass and heat transfer in the reactor on conversion, and separation of final reaction mixtures.

关键词：生物质能；催化作用；生物质转化；燃料；吸附剂；碳纤维素

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This paper describes the optimization of an Integrator control block within the proposed navigation control system for a mobile robot. The control blocks that the integrator will combine are two Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) in charge of tracking and reaction respectively. The integrator block is call Weighted Fussy Inference System (WFIS), and assigns weights to the responses on each behavior block, to combine them into a single response

关键词：机器人；优化；导航；积分器

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This analysis evaluates several operational benefits of electricity storage, including load-leveling, spinning contingency reserves, and regulation reserves. Storage devices were simulated in a utility system in the western United States, and the operational costs of generation was compared to the same system without the added storage. This operational value of storage was estimated for devices of various sizes, providing different services, and with several sensitivities to fuel price and other factors. Overall, the results followed previous analyses that demonstrate relatively low value for load-leveling but greater value for provision of reserve services. The value was estimated by taking the difference in operational costs between cases with and without energy storage and represents the operational cost savings from deploying storage by a traditional vertically integrated utility. The analysis also estimated the potential revenues derived from a merchant storage plant in a restructured market, based on marginal system prices. Due to suppression of on-/off-peak price differentials and incomplete capture of system benefits (such as the cost of power plant starts), the revenue obtained by storage in a market setting appears to be substantially less than the net benefit provided to the system. This demonstrates some of the additional challenges for storage deployed in restructured energy markets.

关键词：储能系统；电力；成本；发电设备；燃料；高峰负荷；发电厂

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This study's objective is to examine interrelated technical and economic avenues for the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid to incorporate up to and over 20wind generation by 2030. Our specific interests are to look at the factors that will affect the implementation of both high level of wind power penetration (> 20generation) and installation of large scale storage.

关键词：储能技术；风力发电；经济模型；风力发电机组

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Biomass is a versatile source of energy; it can produce electricity, heat or fuel for transportation and is storable. It is the world's fourth largest energy source and contributes to at least 14 percent of the world's primary energy demand.In developing countries, the contribution of biomass to primary energy supply is at least 35 percent. In developed economies, such as the European Union, its contribution ranges from 2 to 14 percent.

关键词：生物质能；农村地区；电力；能源来源；能源储存；能源需求；能源供应

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The multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the smoke test to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 micrometers as compared to 0.47-0.67 micrometers due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007.

关键词：生物质能；MAIAC算法；烟雾；气溶胶

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Biofuel production from cellulosic feedstocks is a grand challenge that is being pursued on a number of fronts. One promising area is engineering of organisms that can directly convert biomass into more technologically useful forms. The technologies for next generation biofuels must not only design efficient processes to convert lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuels but must also ensure that produced fuels are compatible with current and future engines. Endophytic fungi have been shown to produce a range of moderate-molecular weight hydrocarbons (volatile organic compounds-VOC) directly from cellulosic biomass without any pretreatment. These organisms have the capacity to alter their VOC profile as a function of carbon source. We cultured a number of these fungi on potential biofuel biomass (corn stove, eucalyptus and switchgrass) as the sole carbon source and their growth rates were compared to potato dextrose agar. We then performed a VOC profile of the biomass-supported fungal cultures. Our findings are an important first step in developing industrial hosts (microbes or fungi) with both biomass deconstruction and fuel synthesis pathways. Follow-up genomic and proteomics are needed to link genomics based information to function which will allow us to identify and understand response thresholds and determine how populations can be controlled for more sustainable out comes.

关键词：生物质；液体燃料；真菌；挥发性有机化合物；纤维素；木质素

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A woody biomass 'feedstock yard'. is a collection point or location for collecting and concentrating biomass from various sources. Biomass is collected, sorted, consolidated, processed and distributed to a variety of markets and uses. It provides an alternative in the biomass supply chain that could have benefits over traditional woods-to-processor delivery scenarios. This guide has been designed for those interested in developing a business to supply woody biomass for forest products, wood energy and other uses. The guide provides information about the development, operation and management of a woody biomass feedstock yard. For example, a woody biomass feedstock yard could be developed to help solve a disposal problem, recover and utilize a natural resource, contribute to the local economy and the environment, or as a way to be a better steward for taxpayers. A woody biomass feedstock yard could help guide a 'woods wise' person to own and operate a small business enterprise. Woody biomass is an abundant and renewable feedstock for energy and other uses and may present an opportunity for those willing to make investments. This guide provides information and guidance on the establishment of a business and ways to improve the operation of an existing business.

关键词：生物质能；原料；木材燃料；能源系统；木废料

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Concentrating solar power (CSP) deployed with thermal energy storage (TES) provides a dispatchable source of renewable energy. The value of CSP with TES, as with other potential generation resources, needs to be established using traditional utility planning tools. Production cost models, which simulate the operation of grid, are often used to estimate the operational value of different generation mixes. CSP with TES has historically had limited analysis in commercial production simulations. This document describes the implementation of CSP with TES in a commercial production cost model. It also describes the simulation of grid operations with CSP in a test system consisting of two balancing areas located primarily in Colorado.

关键词：集中式太阳能；容量值；可再生能源；热能存储

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The report evaluates potential energy savings by replacing traditional single-speed pool pumps with variable speed pool pumps, and provide a basic cost comparison between continued uses of traditional pumps verses new pumps. A simple step-by-step process for inspecting the pool area and installing a new pool pump follows.

关键词：储能；太阳能；算法；控制系统；光伏电源；存储系统；水泵；节能

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