Our objectives in year 3 were to (1) process fine root samples for DNA fingerprinting (2) complete the data analysis and publish results. During the 2009 field harvest, fine root samples were collected from 6 soil cores from each of 12 treatment rings. After sampling, the soil cores were cut horizontally into 10 cm slices. The fine roots from the 0--10 cm depth were placed on a 1 x 1 mm sieve and rinsed gently with water to separate soil and root material. The root material was placed in plastic bags moistened with water and stored at 4 C until the fresh tissue could be transported to the laboratory. Sample were sorted carefully using forceps and frequent washing to separate the individual fine root fragments. The fine roots of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were separated from those of other plant species based on morphology and color.

关键词：生物量；植物（植物）；DNA测序；森林树木；生物质能

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We have successfully demonstrated a novel reactor technology, based on BASF dual layer monolith catalyst, for miniaturizing the autothermal reforming of pyrolysis oil to syngas, the second and most critical of the three steps for thermochemically converting biomass waste to liquid transportation fuel. The technology was applied to aged as well as fresh samples of pyrolysis oil derived from five different biomass feedstocks, namely switch-grass, sawdust, hardwood/softwood, golden rod and maple. Optimization of process conditions in conjunction with innovative reactor system design enabled the minimization of carbon deposit and control of the H2/CO ratio of the product gas. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the integrated process using in part, experimental data from the project, indicates (1) net energy recovery of 49accounting for all losses and external energy input, (2) weight of diesel oil produced as a percent of the biomass to be approx. 14, and (3) for a demonstration size biomass to Fischer-Tropsch liquid plant of approx. 2000 daily barrels of diesel, the price of the diesel produced is approx. $3.30 per gallon, ex. tax. However, the extension of catalyst life is critical to the realization of the projected economics.

关键词：ATR反应器；油热解；合成气；生物质能

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iomass residue produced by timber harvest operations is estimated for the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas, Washington. Scattered residues were sampled in 53 harvest units and piled residues were completely enumerated in 55 harvest units. Production is based on 2008 and 2009 data and is stratified by forest location, ownership type, harvest intensity, and harvest method. An additional sampling was taken to ascertain the mass of wood present in a pile of biomass: 20 piles of biomass were measured for gross volume, processed into hog fuel, and remeasured for volume; five samples were drawn from each pile and examined for volume, green mass, and bone-dry mass. An equation relating mass of wood in a pile to the gross biomass volume is derived. Finally, the availability and average delivered cost per ton of biomass is calculated for five delivery centers on the Olympic Peninsula.

关键词：生物质残留；湿地;生猪燃料；体积密度；生物质能

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Organophosphate compounds are used as pesticides and in chemical warfareagents such as nerve agents. VX ((O-ethyl S- 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl) methylphosphonothioate) is one of the most toxic and environmentally persistent of these nerve agents. This research examined the fate of malathion, a pesticide and surrogate of VX O-ethyl S- 2-(diisopropylamino) (ethyl)(methylphosphonothioate), in bench-scale activated sludge (AS) sequencing batch reactors. Sorption kinetics and sorption equilibrium isotherm experiments indicate that sorption to AS biomass was not a statistically important removal mechanism. However, approximately 90of the initial 4.25 mg L-1 malathion concentration degraded primarily via heterotrophic activity.

关键词：活性污泥法；生物降解；马拉硫磷；有机磷；生物质能

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering Americas Land initiative, selected the Vincent Mullins Landfill in Tucson, Arizona, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. Under the RE-Powering Americas Land initiative, the EPA provided funding to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to support the study. NREL provided technical assistance for this project but did not assess environmental conditions at the site beyond those related to the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The purpose of this report is to assess the site for a possible PV installation and estimate the cost and performance of different PV configurations, as well as to recommend financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system. In addition to the Vincent Mullins site, four similar landfills in Tucson are included as part of this study. The feasibility of a PV system depends greatly on both site-specific and economic factors. Site-specific factors include the available area for an array, solar resource, distance to transmission lines, and distance to major roads. In addition, the operating status, ground conditions, and restrictions associated with redevelopment of contaminated sites impact the feasibility of a PV system. Economic factors include purchase price of the electricity produced, power purchase agreement (PPA) price, and retail electric rates along with federal, state, and utility incentives for PV systems. Based on an assessment of these factors, the Vincent Mullins Landfill and other closed landfills in Tucson were found to be suitable sites for deployment of utility-scale PV systems. This study evaluated two development scenarios for implementing large-scale PV systems on Tucsons landfillsone in which the city owns and operates the system, and one where a private entity is allowed to develop the site using a PPA.

关键词：太阳能；亚利桑那州；穆林斯；经济学；太阳能光伏性能

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We sampled trees grown with and without competing vegetation control in an 11-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantation on a highly productive site in southwestern Washington to create diameter-based allometric equations for estimating individual-tree bole, branch, foliar, and total aboveground biomass. We used these equations to estimate per-hectare aboveground biomass, nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) content, and compared these results to (1) estimates based on biomass equations published in other studies, and (2) estimates made using the mean-tree method rather than allometric equations. Component and total-tree biomass equations were not influenced by the presence of vegetation control, although per-hectare biomass, C, and N estimates were greater where vegetation control was applied. Our biomass estimates differed from estimates using previously published biomass equations by as much as 23 percent. When using the mean-tree biomass estimation approach, we found that incorporating a previously published biomass equation improved accuracy of the mean-tree diameter calculation.

关键词：森林管理;树木（植物）；生物质能；碳；花旗松

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The research,based on combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network,studied the running scheme of combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network through ways of experiments and theoretical calculation of the mathematical model.Firstly,the research established mathematical model of heat equilibrium of the combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network; secondly,keeping the indoor heat load steady,compared the dynamic heat load provided by solar collector with that needed by heated room at the same time,determined time spans of the network stopping service and the heat load added by the network within 24 h.In the research we took a heating period in a typical room in Shenyang for example,under the conditions of low temperature floor radiant with heating index standard of 50W/m2 and 50 ℃ of the average supplied water temperature,40 ℃ of the return water temperature,calculated and verified the established mathematical model.The results include:when the heat load provided by solar collector is greater or less than the heat needed by the room,how many heat amount should be supplied by the running network and the amount of water flow within the network pipes correspondingly,and how long the network runs or stops.The final conclusions include:whether the running scheme of the combination system can save energy? the conditions of energy saving in running a combination system,and whether the system can bring environmental benefits.

关键词：太阳能；市政供热；制热运行

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This project provides critical innovations and fundamental understandings that enable development of an economically-viable process for catalytic conversion of biomass (sugar) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A low-cost ionic liquid (Cyphos 106) is discovered for fast conversion of fructose into HMF under moderate reaction conditions without any catalyst. HMF yield from fructose is almost 100on the carbon molar basis. Adsorbent materials and adsorption process are invented and demonstrated for separation of 99pure HMF product and recovery of the ionic liquid from the reaction mixtures. The adsorbent material appears very stable in repeated adsorption/regeneration cycles. Novel membrane-coated adsorbent particles are made and demonstrated to achieve excellent adsorption separation performances at low pressure drops. This is very important for a practical adsorption process because ionic liquids are known of high viscosity. Nearly 100conversion (or dissolution) of cellulose in the catalytic ionic liquid into small molecules was observed. It is promising to produce HMF, sugars and other fermentable species directly from cellulose feedstock. However, several gaps were identified and could not be resolved in this project. Reaction and separation tests at larger scales are needed to minimize impacts of incidental errors on the mass balance and to show 99.9ionic liquid recovery. The cellulose reaction tests were troubled with poor reproducibility. Further studies on cellulose conversion in ionic liquids under better controlled conditions are necessary to delineate reaction products, dissolution kinetics, effects of mass and heat transfer in the reactor on conversion, and separation of final reaction mixtures.

关键词：催化效果；生物质转化；燃料；吸附剂；生物质能

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Norway, the largest holder of natural gas and oil reserves in Europe, provides much of the oil and gas consumed on the continent. In fact, Norway was the second largest exporter of natural gas in the world after Russia, and the seventh largest exporter of oil. In 2010, crude oil, natural gas, and pipeline transport services accounted for almost 50 percent of Norway's exports revenues, 21 percent of GDP, and 26 percent of government revenues according to the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). Although Norway's oil production peaked in 2001 at 3.4 million barrels per day (bbl/d) and declined to 2.0 million bbl/d in 2011, natural gas production has been steadily increasing since 1993, reaching 3.6 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in 2011. Hydropower is the principal source of Norway's electricity supply at 95 percent, while only 4 percent comes from conventional thermal sources, followed by 1 percent from other renewables, namely biomass and waste and wind. In June 2012, government officials from Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK) confirmed their plans for subsea electric power interconnects between their countries. The Norway-UK cable connection is slated for completion in 2020 while the Norway-Germany cable is to be completed in 2018; their purpose is to strengthen the northern European electricity grid and increase supply security.

关键词：石油生产;石油消费量;二氧化碳排放量;生物质能

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Chino Mine site in Silver City, New Mexico, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provided technical assistance for this project. The purpose of this report is to assess the site for a possible photovoltaic (PV) system installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options. In addition, the report recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site. This study did not assess environmental conditions at the site. The Chino Mine is located near the town of Hurley in Grant County, New Mexico, about 12 miles east of Silver City. Chino Mine, which is owned by Freeport-McMoRan Incorporated (FMI), is one of the largest open-pit copper mines in the world, covering over 9,000 acres. There are three sites for this study. Site 1 is a smelter facility that has 23 acres, and site reclamation is complete. Site 2 has 277 acres, and site reclamation has begun and is scheduled to be complete by the end of 2014. Site 3 is the largest site with 1,700 acres, and reclamation was complete at the end of 2012.

关键词：太阳能；太阳能光伏性能；经济学

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