Power system computation software tools are traditionally designed as serial codes and optimized for single-processor computers. They are becoming inadequate in terms of computational efficiency for the ever increasing complexity of the power grid. The power grid has served us remarkably well but is likely to see more changes over the next decade than it has seen over the past century. In particular, the widespread deployment of renewable generation, smart-grid controls, energy storage, plug-in hybrids, and other emerging technologies will require fundamental changes in the operational concepts and principal components of the grid. The grid is in an unprecedented transition that poses significant challenges in power grid operation. Central to this transition, power system computation needs to evolve accordingly to provide fast results for power grid management. On the other hand, power system computation should and has to take advantage of ubiquitous parallel computers. To bring HPC to power grid applications is not simply putting more computing units against the problem. It requires careful design and coding to match an application with computing hardware. Sometimes, alternative or new algorithms need to be used to maximize the benefit of HPC. This chapter demonstrates the benefits of HPC for power grid applications with several examples such as state estimation, contingency analysis, and dynamic simulation. These examples represent the major categories of power grid applications. Each of the applications has its own problem structure and data dependency requirements. The approach to apply HPC to these problems has different challenges. The HPC-enhanced state estimation, contingency analysis, and dynamic simulation presented in this chapter are suitable for today's power grid operation.

关键词：电力系统；电力网；智能电网；计算；储能

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Electricity consumer demand response and load control are playing an increasingly important role in the development of a smart grid. Smart grid load management technologies such as Grid Friendly? controls and real-time pricing are making their way into the conventional model of grid planning and operations. However, the behavior of load both affects, and is affected by load control strategies that are designed to support electric grid planning and operations. This chapter discussed the natural behavior of electric loads, how it interacts with various load control and demand response strategies, what the consequences are for new grid operation concepts and the computing issues these new technologies raise.

关键词：电力消费需求；智能电网；负载控制；需求响应策略

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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous mix of cancers defined only by the absence of the three best-characterized prognostic markers: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This lack of understanding underlies our inability to identify effective therapeutic options for these patients. During the previous research period for this award (year 1), we identified that a subset of TNBCs have high baseline levels of activated EGFR, and were sensitive to certain temporal combinations of EGFR inhibition and DNA damaging chemotherapy. The focus of this research period (year 2) was to determine the mechanism of this enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapy. Using an integrative analysis of multiple signaling networks, we identified that chronic exposure to EGFR inhibition in a subset of TNBCs resulted in a profound genetic rewiring, resulting in more than 2000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Further analyses revealed that caspase-8 played a crucial role in the combination therapy we identified, a surprising and unexpected finding, since this protein was not previously thought to contribute to DNA damage-induced cell death. Collectively, these findings identify a novel method for enhancing chemotherapeutic efficacy, through rewiring apoptotic signaling networks.

关键词：化疗；雌激素；曝光（生理学）；孕激素；受体位点（生理学）；乳腺癌细胞（生物）

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The aim of this study is to estimate the degree of residual hypoxia after whole  brain radiation therapy in patients with brain metastases from breast cancer as  quantified by F18 EF5 PET/CT imaging. We enrolled two patients on this study who  after completing radiation therapy were unable to complete the study as planned as they had progressive disease. One had progressive lung disease limiting her ability to lay supine for imaging, and the second patient developed leptomeningeal spread of her disease and declined further imaging studies. A third patient has been enrolled and is scheduled for imaging later in August 2012.

关键词：脑;乳腺癌;肺;转移;放射治疗

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A Markov Monte Carlo model was constructed: adverse effects (AE) of treatment were included. Main outcomes were costs (2008US$), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost- effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for men 65, 55, and 75 years of age. In 65 year old men, AS was associated with the greatest QALE but at $35,201 was more expensive than brachytherapy(ICER $15,420/QALY); RP and IMRT were dominated. In 55 and 75 year old men these ICERs were $8,374/QALY and $8, 671/QALY, respectively. When costs of treatment of adverse effects were doubled, AS became least expensive in all men. When the PIVOT trial was simulated, WW was cost-saving compared with AS and RP and remained less expensive and associated with improved QALE over a wide range of cost and utilities, including if the risk of CaP-specific death on AS was 50the risk on WW. In this model, observation is a cost-effective alternative to initial treatment and is underutilized in these men.

关键词：癌症筛检;成本效益;前列腺癌;决策理论;蒙特卡罗方法;放射治疗

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关键词：吸毒；艾滋病毒/艾滋病的研究；药物滥用；药物治疗方案

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However, patients experience disease relapse from a persistent reservoir of chemotherapy resistant disease. There has been strong interest in developing immunotherapeutic strategies to eradicate  residual disease following autologous transplantation. Our group has developed a  tumor vaccine model whereby dendritic cells are fused with tumor cells. In clinical trials, vaccination with fusion cell results in anti-tumor immune and  disease responses in a subset of patients. However, vaccine efficacy is blunted  by tumor mediated immune suppression and the increased presence of regulatory T cells characteristic of patients with malignancy. An important element  contributing to tumor mediated immune suppression is the PD-1/PDL-1 pathway.  PD-L1 exerts a significant role in promoting T cell tolerance by binding PD-1 on activated T cells and suppressing their capacity to secrete stimulatory  cytokines. We have demonstrated that blockade of this pathway results in  enhanced immune responses to DC/myeloma fusion cells ex vivo. In the proposed study, we will examine toxicity, immunologic effect and clinical efficacy of  CT-011 therapy following stem cell transplantation for patients with myeloma.  These endpoints will then be assessed in patients undergoing combined therapy with the vaccine and antibody.

关键词：骨髓瘤；干细胞；T淋巴细胞；疫苗；抗体；细胞（生物）

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The Office of Waste Processing, within the Office of Technology Innovation and Development, funded the development of an enhanced Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) solvent for deployment at the Savannah River Site for removal of cesium from High Level Waste. This effort lead to the development of the Next Generation Solvent (NGS) with Tris(3,7-dimethyl octyl) guanidine (TiDG). The first deployment target for the NGS solvent is within the Modular CSSX Unit (MCU). Deployment of a new chemical within an existing facility requires verification that the new chemical components are compatible with the installed equipment. In the instance of a new organic solvent, the primary focus is on compatibility of the solvent with organic polymers used in the affected facility. This report provides the calculated data from exposing these polymers to the Next Generation Solvent. An assessment of the dimensional stability of polymers known to be used or present in the MCU, Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF), and Saltstone facilities that will be exposed to the NGS showed that TiDG could selectively affect the elastomers and some thermoplastics to varying extents, but the typical use of these polymers in a confined geometry will likely prevent the NGS from impacting component performance. The polymers identified as of primary concern include Grafoil (flexible graphite), Tefzel, Isolast, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM). Certain polymers like NBR and EPDM were found to interact mildly with NGS but their calculated swelling and the confined geometry will impede interaction with NGS. In addition, it was found that Vellumoid (cellulose fibers-reinforced glycerin and protein) may leach protein and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) may leach plasticizer (such as Bis-Ethylhexyl-Phthalates) into the NGS solvent.

关键词：放射性废物的处理;溶剂萃取法;聚合物;铯

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As the price of petroleum and material costs escalate and pressures of maintaining the sustainability of our environment, owners must continually find methods to decrease material costs and maximize their benefits. This paper presents the findings of laboratory characterization of HMA mixtures containing high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content with crumb rubber (CR) additives. Five mixtures were examined in this study. The conventional mixture contained a styrene-butadiene-styrene, polymer-modified asphalt cement, Performance Grade (PG) 76-22M and no RAP. The second mixture utilized 15 percent RAP and PG 76-22M asphalt cement binder. The third mixture contains no RAP, 30 mesh CR additives blended (wet process) with a PG 64-22 binder. The fourth mixture contains 40 percent RAP, 30 mesh CR additives blended (dry process) with a PG 64-22 asphalt cement binder. The final mixture utilized 100 percent RAP with CR additives. Laboratory mixture characterization includes the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tests (Dynamic Modulus, E*, and Flow Number, FN), Semi-Circular Bend test, Dissipated Creep Strain Energy test, and the Modified Lottman test. In addition, Loaded Wheel Tracking, LWT, test was performed. Results indicate that the addition of CR additives as a dry feed to carry rejuvenating agents is promising. Mixtures containing high RAP content and CR additives exhibited similar performance as conventional mixture with PG 76-22M binder.

关键词：沥青路面；热混铺路混合物；橡胶；粘合剂

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When fire occurs in a concrete structure, it is hard to extinguish it because of its unique form and location, which results in a very high internal temperature of the maximum 1400℃.Due to the fine structural characteristic of concrete, the structure is likely to suffer fatal damages such as the reduction of resisting force and the damages to the cross section caused by explosive fracture.In this research, the author tested the effect of fire on structures by using fire boards with perlite-added silicone and confirmed that the fire resisting capacity varies according to the weight ratio of the addition agent, which shows what effect perlite has for the pyrolysis process.A fire resisting capacity test was also carried out by attaching a silicone composite fire board to a real size specimen.As a result of the test carried out by installing the fire boards with different thickness by section, most fire boards had excellent fire resisting capacity, and fire boards with 20mm or more thickness had also excellent fire resisting capacity.

关键词：硅橡胶；硅树脂/珍珠岩复合材料；防火耐板；橡胶

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