We present multi-model global datasets of nitrogen and sulfate deposition covering time periods from 1850 to 2100, calculated within the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). The computed deposition fluxes are compared to surface wet deposition and ice-core measurements. We use a new dataset of wet deposition for 2000-2002 based on critical assessment of the quality of existing regional network data. We show that for present-day (year 2000 ACCMIP time-slice), the ACCMIP results perform similarly to previously published multi-model assessments. For this time slice, we find a multi-model mean deposition of 50 Tg(N) yr1 from nitrogen oxide emissions, 60 Tg(N) yr1 from ammonia emissions, and 83 Tg(S) yr1 from sulfur emissions. The analysis of changes between 1980 and 2000 indicates significant differences between model and measurements over the United States but less so over Europe. This difference points towards misrepresentation of 1980 NH3 emissions over North America. Based on ice-core records, the 1850 deposition fluxes agree well with Greenland ice cores but the change between 1850 and 2000 seems to be overestimated in the Northern Hemisphere for both nitrogen and sulfur species. Using the Representative Concentration Pathways to define the projected climate and atmospheric chemistry related emissions and concentrations, we find large regional nitrogen deposition increases in 2100 in Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia under some of the scenarios considered. Increases in South Asia are especially large, and are seen in all scenarios, with 2100 values more than double 2000 in some scenarios and reaching 1300 mg(N) m2 yr1 averaged over regional to continental scale regions in RCP 2.6 and 8.5, 3050 larger than the values in any region currently (2000). The new ACCMIP deposition dataset provides novel, consistent and evaluated global gridded deposition fields for use in a wide range of climate and ecological studies.

关键词：大气化学；生物质燃烧；气候模型；计算机程序；氮

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A series of tests of the Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) pressure cube were conducted during third quarter 2011 at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in the Combined Loads Test facility (COLTS). This is a report of the analysis of the Acoustic Emission (AE) data collected during those tests. The AE signals of the later tests are consistent with the final failure progression through two of the pressure cube panels. Calibration tests and damage precursor AE indications, from preliminary checkout pressurizations, indicated areas of concern that eventually failed. Hence those tests have potential for vehicle health monitoring.

关键词：大气压力;失效分析;疲劳（材料）;试验设施

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The atmospheric composition inside spacecraft is dynamic due to changes in crew metabolism and payload operations. A portable FTIR gas analyzer was used to monitor the atmospheric composition of four modules (Core lab, Veggie Plant Atrium, Hygiene module, and Xhab loft) within the Deep Space Habitat '(DSH) during the Mission Operations Test (MOT) conducted at the Johnson Space Center. The FTIR was either physically relocated to a new location or the plumbing was changed so that a different location was monitored. An application composed of 20 gases was used and the FTIR was zeroed using N2 gas every time it was relocated. The procedures developed for operating the FTIR were successful as all data was collected and the FTIR worked during the entire MOT mission. Not all the 20 gases in the application sampled were detected and it was possible to measure dynamic VOC concentrations in each DSH location.

关键词：飞船舱内环境；挥发性有机化合物；太空栖息地；太空任务；大气成分

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The purpose of this grant was to develop a new and general way to isolate key reaction intermediates in the condensed phase catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide and water into transportable solar fuels. To this end, we designed, constructed and implemented a chemical analysis apparatus to extract homogeneous catalysts from their native solution environment and isolate them for spectroscopic study. This was achieved using an electrospray atmospheric pressure interface to a custom built, multi-stage, cryogenically cooled photofragmentation mass spectrometer. The key advance incorporates a 10K processing stage, which freezes ions into well defined structures and coats them with an inert layer of weakly bound adducts. These cold aggregates were then complexed with target molecules to initiate chemical rearrangements under conditions where the reactions could be arrested prior to completion by rapid evaporation of the cryogenic solvent.

关键词：催化剂;光谱;团聚体（材料）;拦阻（过程）;二氧化碳

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This study evaluated the toxicity and duration of 3 residual insecticides against the Old World sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi, an important vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, on 2 types of tent material used by the US military in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Vinyl and cotton duck tent surface were treated at maximum labeled rate of lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS, Zeneca Inc, Wilmington, DE) bifenthrin (Talstar P. Professional, FMC Corportation, Philadelphia, PA) and permethrin (Insect Repellent, Clothing Application 40, then subsequently stored in indoor, shaded space at room temperature 60-70relative humidity (RH) 22 degree C-25 degree C) and under sunlight and ambient air temperatures outdoors (20-30RH, 29 degree C- 44 degree C) Insecticide susceptible colony flies (F110) obtained from the insectary of US Navy Medical research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt, were exposed to treated tent surfaces for 30 minutes periods twice monthly for up to 5 months, then once monthly thereafter, using the World Health Organization cone assay Lambda-cyhalothrin treated cotton duck tent material stored indoors killed P. papatasi for 8 months, while the complementary sun- exposed cotton duck material killed adult flies for 1 month before the efficacy dropped to less than 80.

关键词：棉花；双翅目；杀虫剂；利什曼病；帐篷；乙烯基塑料

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A summary ot three years of work is difficult to reduce to a tew sentences. We have applied Hadamard transform mass spectrometry to stop-flow kinetics and shown how this technique can complement previous stop-flow studies that rely instead on spectroscopic signatures. We have also examined hypergolic reactions. In particular, we performed electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and MS/MS fragmentation studies to determine the composition ot a previously unknown precipitate. We discovered that the precipitate consisted of melamine oligomers and polymers. However, the majority ot the effort involved an ambient ionization method that can be carried out at atmospheric pressure at room temperature-- desorption electrospray ionization (DESI). Here charged droplets are fired at some surface and the resulting splash ot smaller droplets enter a mass spectrometer. We applied this technique to show how to overcome adverse effects from salt and detergent in electrokinetic separations using a spinning disk. We also applied this technique, we believe with great success, to study reaction intermediates and to demonstrate the potential of using DESI for mass spectrometric imaging.

关键词：动力学;质谱;流量;碎裂;电离;沉淀

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The search for extrasolar planets has resulted in the discovery of super-Earths, with masses less than ten Earth masses. Regarding the orbital distances, some of these planets are very close to its star, at distances much less than Mercury to the Sun. Since no such planets exist in our solar system, the atmospheres of these hot rocky planets remains largely unknown. In this work, we present the main characteristics of this hot rocky planet population, with a focus on the potential atmospheric composition obtained by assuming different types of planetary composition and using corresponding model calculations. The vaporization of silicate magma is used in order to explore hot atmospheres above 1,000 K. We present how to estimate the range of atmospheric compositions for rocky planets for different semi-major axis and show an application of the results, to the Kepler February 2011 data release. Our model suggests that hot, rocky super-Earth atmospheres can be divided into five types, whose definition is strongly dependent on the initial composition and the planet's distance to the star. These simple set of parameters provided, can be used to explore atmospheric compositions for current and future candidates provided by the Kepler mission and other searches.

关键词：大气；太阳系外行星；地球；岩石

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Under the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration Project (SFSDP), as a risk mitigation activity in support of the development of a large-scale fire demonstration experiment in microgravity, flame-spread tests were conducted in normal gravity on thin, cellulose-based fuels in a sealed chamber. The primary objective of the tests was to measure pressure rise in a chamber as sample material, burning direction (upward/downward), total heat release, heat release rate, and heat loss mechanisms were varied between tests. A Design of Experiments (DOE) method was imposed to produce an array of tests from a fixed set of constraints and a coupled response model was developed. Supplementary tests were run without experimental design to additionally vary select parameters such as initial chamber pressure. The starting chamber pressure for each test was set below atmospheric to prevent chamber overpressure. Bottom ignition, or upward propagating burns, produced rapid acceleratory turbulent flame spread. Pressure rise in the chamber increases as the amount of fuel burned increases mainly because of the larger amount of heat generation and, to a much smaller extent, due to the increase in gaseous number of moles. Top ignition, or downward propagating burns, produced a steady flame spread with a very small flat flame across the burning edge. Steady-state pressure is achieved during downward flame spread as the pressure rises and plateaus. This indicates that the heat generation by the flame matches the heat loss to surroundings during the longer, slower downward burns. One heat loss mechanism included mounting a heat exchanger directly above the burning sample in the path of the plume to act as a heat sink and more efficiently dissipate the heat due to the combustion event. This proved an effective means for chamber overpressure mitigation for those tests producing the most total heat release and thusly was determined to be a feasible mitigation strategy to incorporate into the microgravity experiment.

关键词：火焰传播;引力效应;燃烧;航空安全;燃烧速率

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Cryogenic upper stages in the Space Shuttle program were prohibited primarily due to a safety risk of a 'return to launch site' abort. An upper stage concept addressed this concern by proposing that the stage be launched empty and filled using shuttle external tank residuals after the atmospheric pressure could no longer sustain an explosion. However, only about 5 minutes was allowed for tank fill. Liquid hydrogen testing was conducted within a near-ambient environment using the multipurpose hydrogen test bed 638.5 ft3 (18m3) cylindrical tank with a spray bar mounted longitudinally inside. Although the tank was filled within 5 minutes, chilldown of the tank structure was incomplete, and excessive tank pressures occurred upon vent valve closure. Elevated tank wall temperatures below the liquid level were clearly characteristic of film boiling. The test results have substantial implications for on-orbit cryogen transfer since the formation of a vapor film would be much less inhibited due to the reduced gravity. However, the heavy tank walls could become an asset in normal gravity testing for on-orbit transfer, i.e., if film boiling in a nonflight weight tank can be inhibited in normal gravity, then analytical modeling anchored with the data could be applied to reduced gravity environments with increased confidence.

关键词：低温液体；流体管；液态氢；膜态沸腾；传热

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Values for the dry deposition velocity of airborne particles were estimated with the GENII Version 2.10.1 computer code for the Savannah River site using assumptions about surface roughness parameters and particle size and density. Use of the GENII code is recommended by the U.S. Department of Energy for this purpose. Meteorological conditions evaluated include atmospheric stability classes D, E, and F and wind speeds of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s. Local surface roughness values ranging from 0.03 to 2 meters were evaluated. Particles with mass mean diameters of 1, 5, and 10 microns and densities of 1, 3, 4, and 5 g/cm3 were evaluated. Site specific meteorology was used to predict deposition velocity for Savannah River conditions for a range of distances from 670 to 11,500 meters.

关键词：干沉降；计算机代码；气象数据；参数分析；颗粒

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