Increasing penetration of heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) in the residential sector will offer an important opportunity for energy savings, with a theoretical energy savings of up to 63per water heater1 and up to 11of residential energy use (EIA 2009). However, significant barriers must be overcome before this technology will reach widespread adoption in the Pacific Northwest region and nationwide. One barrier is that the demand response (DR) performance and characteristics of HPWHs is unknown. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of electric resistance water heaters (ERWHs) to provide significant grid stability and control benefits through demand-side management, or DR, strategies (Diao et al. 2012). However, if ERWHs are to be replaced with HPWHs to improve residential energy efficiency, it is important to understand the DR characteristics of HPWHs and how these characteristics will impact DR programs and overall grid stability now and in the future. This project evaluates and documents the DR performance of an HPWH as compared to an ERWH for two primary types of DR events: peak curtailments and balancing reserves. The experiments were conducted with General Electric (GE) second-generation Brillion-enabled GeoSpring hybrid water heaters in the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Lab Homes2, with one GE GeoSpring water heater operating in Standard electric resistance mode to represent the baseline and one GE GeoSpring water heater operating in Heat Pump mode to provide the comparison to heat pump-only DR. Signals were sent simultaneously to the two water heaters in the side-by-side PNNL Lab Homes under highly controlled, simulated occupancy conditions. It is expected that Hybrid DR performance, which would engage both the heat pump and electric elements, could be interpolated from these two experimental extremes.

关键词：热泵热水器;能源效率节约能源；混合动力系统

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Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a convenient, safe, and autonomous means for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging that has seen rapid growth in recent years for stationary applications. WPT does not require bulky contacts, plugs, and wires, is not affected by dirt or weather conditions, and is as efficient as conventional charging systems. This study summarizes some of the recent Sustainable Campus Initiative activities of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in WPT charging of an on-campus vehicle (a Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid electric vehicle). Laboratory development of the WPT coils, high-frequency power inverter, and overall systems integration are discussed. Results cover the coil performance testing at different operating frequencies, airgaps, and misalignments. Some of the experimental results of insertion loss due to roadway surfacing materials in the air-gap are presented. Experimental lessons learned are also covered in this study.

关键词：混合动力电动汽车；动力传动；电费用；电子线圈

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A power quality analysis method based on electromechanical-electromagnetic hybrid simulation is proposed.The hybrid simulation for power quality analysis can not only enhance the simulation accuracy,and can realize power quality simulation of large scale power system.Then power quality simulation and assessment system is developed based on ADPSS.The system provides plenty of power quality models and achieves power quality simulation based on electromechanical-electromagnetic hybrid simulation.It will provide guidance and reference for power quality study.The hybrid simulation model of an actual large scale power system is built and voltage sag problems caused by short circuit tests are simulated based on the developed system.Simulation result shows the practicality and effectiveness of power quality simulation and assessment system.

关键词：电能质量；仿真与评估系统；混合仿真

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Oshkosh Corporation (OSK) is taking an aggressive approach to implementing advanced technologies, including hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology, throughout their commercial and military product lines. These technologies have important implications for OSK's commercial and military customers, including fleet fuel efficiency, quiet operational modes, additional on-board electric capabilities, and lower thermal signature operation. However, technical challenges exist with selecting the optimal HEV components and design to work within the performance and packaging constraints of specific vehicle applications. OSK desires to use unique expertise developed at the Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), including HEV modeling and simulation. These tools will be used to overcome technical hurdles to implementing advanced heavy vehicle technology that meet performance requirements while improving fuel efficiency.

关键词：混合动力电动车;计算机辅助设计;汽车工程;燃油效率

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Wind turbine generators (WTGs) consist of many different components to convert kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy for end users. Wind energy is accessed to provide mechanical torque for driving the shaft of the electrical generator.

关键词：风力涡轮机；发电机；空气动力学；机电；混合动力系统

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The Product Breakdown Structure is traditionally a method of identification of the products of a project in a tree structure. It is a tool used to assess, plan, document, and display the equipment requirements for a project. It is part of a product based planning technique, and attempts to break down all components of a project in as much detail as possible, so that nothing is overlooked. The PBS for ground systems at the Kennedy Space Center is being developed to encompass the traditional requirements including the alignment of facility, systems, and components to the organizational hierarchy. The Ground Operations Product Breakdown Structure is a hybrid in nature in that some aspects of a work breakdown structure will be incorporated and merged with the Architecture Concept of Operations, Master Subsystem List, customer interface, and assigned management responsibility. The Ground Operations Product Breakdown Structure needs to be able to identify the flexibility of support differing customers (internal and external) usage of ground support equipment within the Kennedy Space Center launch and processing complex. The development of the Product Breakdown Structure is an iterative activity Initially documenting the organization hierarchy structure and relationships. The Product Breakdown Structure identifies the linkage between the customer program requirements, allocation of system resources, development of design goals, and identification logistics products. As the Product Breakdown Structure progresses the incorporation of the results of requirement planning for the customer occurs identifying facility needs and systems. The mature Product Breakdown Structure is baselined with a hierarchical drawing, the Product Breakdown Structure database, and an associated document identifying the verification of the data through the life cycle of the program/product line. This paper will document, demonstrate, and identify key aspects of the life cycle of a Hybrid Product Breakdown Structure. The purpose is to show how a project management and system engineering approach can be utilized for providing flexible customer service in an evolving manned space flight launch processing environment.

关键词：地面支持设备;混合结构;地面运营支撑系统;混合动力车

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This study compared fuel economy and emissions between heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and equivalent conventional diesel vehicles. In-use field data were collected from daily fleet operations carried out at a FedEx facility in California on six HEV and six conventional 2010 Freightliner M2-106 straight box trucks. Field data collection primarily focused on route assessment and vehicle fuel consumption over a six-month period. Chassis dynamometer testing was also carried out on one conventional vehicle and one HEV to determine differences in fuel consumption and emissions. Route data from the field study was analyzed to determine the selection of dynamometer test cycles. From this analysis, the New York Composite (NYComp), Hybrid Truck Users Forum Class 6 (HTUF 6), and California Air Resource Board (CARB) Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) drive cycles were chosen. The HEV showed 31better fuel economy on the NYComp cycle, 25better on the HTUF 6 cycle and 4worse on the CARB HHDDT cycle when compared to the conventional vehicle. The in-use field data indicates that the HEVs had around 16better fuel economy than the conventional vehicles. Dynamometer testing also showed that the HEV generally emitted higher levels of nitric oxides than the conventional vehicle over the drive cycles, up to 77higher on the NYComp cycle (though this may at least in part be attributed to the different engine certification levels in the vehicles tested). The conventional vehicle was found to accelerate up to freeway speeds over ten seconds faster than the HEV.

关键词：电动车辆；测功机；柴油机；卡车；排放

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This template This paper investigates the optimal cluster flight orbit design issue for the fractionated spacecraft according to three main goals:keeping the cluster as stable as possible,preventing the collisions within the cluster,maintaining the inter-satellite distance within the maximum region.Firstly,the relative orbital elements are adopted to describe the relative motion.Then,the formation design requirements are formulated in terms of the relative orbital elements,the constrained optimization problem is solved using the hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm integrated with sequential quadratic programming local search.The simulation results show that the hybrid PSO-SQP algorithm is effective.

关键词：分次飞船;集群飞行轨道;相对轨道要素;粒子群优化;序列二次规划

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The diffractive optical elements,with the negative dispersive characteristic and the random phase distributing to realize random phase modulation for wave-front,are not only helpful to simplify the optical system,but also improve the image quality,while putting it into the optical system.It can decrease the element numbers of the system and obtain a compact configuration that introducing diffractive optical element into the design of eyepiece.A hybrid diffractive-refractive wide-angle eyepiece,with a big exit pupil distance,is designed by using the Code V Optical Design Software.The features of the wide-angle eyepiece are 30mm effective focal length,60°whole field-of-view (FOV),30mm exit pupil distance and 6mm exit pupil diameter,and which consists of four lens and two diffractive elements.From the result of design,the MTF in the center field of the wide-angle eyepiece is over 0.55at 601p/mm,at the same time,the MTFs in all fields are over 0.3 at 501p/am,which show that this wide-angle eyepiece has a great image quality.

关键词：应用光学；大出瞳距离；广角目镜；光学设计

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control strategy is one of the most decisive techniques in Hybrid Electric Bus (HEB) and directly influences the dynamic performance and fuel economy.For achieving the best fuel economy and keeping the battery for a long time,First,power analytic control strategy was built; then,the hybrid optimization algorithm (HOA) based on Multi-island genetic Algorithm (MIGA) and NLPQL was built by ISIGHT software.HOA is adopted in control strategy parameters of HEB optimization.The results show that the best result can be obtained in few iterative times by HOA,the calculation time was reduce by 12 hours,the fuel economy was improved by 12％ and find the rules between control strategy parameters and fuel economy 、the balance of the battery state of charge(SOC).

关键词：混合动力客车;控制策略;多岛遗传算法;混合优化算法

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