Since the start of the 20th century, average annual temperatures across the contiguous United States have increased approximately 1.5 F (0.8 C) (NOAA 2013b, EPA 2012a). Recent weather conditions are no exception to this trend. July 2012 was the hottest month in the United States since record keeping began in 1895, and 2012 was the warmest year overall, marked by historic high temperatures and droughts, above average wildfires, multiple intense storms that disrupted power to millions, and multiple extreme heat waves (NOAA 2013c). More than 60of the country experienced drought during the summer of 2012, including some areas of exceptional drought (NOAA 2013c, NOAA 2012c). These trends, which are expected to continue (NOAA 2013b, IPCC 2012, USGCRP 2009), could restrict the supply of secure, sustainable, and affordable energy critical to the nation s economic growth. At least three major climate trends are relevant to the energy sector: Increasing air and water temperatures Decreasing water availability in some regions and seasons Increasing intensity and frequency of storm events, flooding, and sea level rise This report part of the Administration s efforts to support national climate change adaptation planning through the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force and Strategic Sustainability Planning process established under Executive Order 13514 and to advance the U.S. Department of Energy s goal of promoting energy security examines current and potential future impacts of these climate trends on the U.S. energy sector. It identifies activities underway to address these challenges and discusses potential opportunities to enhance energy technologies that are more climate-resilient, as well as information, stakeholder engagement, and policies and strategies to further enable their deployment.

关键词：气候变化;天气;生物量;需求(经济学);能源;洪水;可再生能源

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The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in association with the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), held a Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop on June 11-13, 2012, in Golden, Colorado, to discuss biogas and waste-to-energy technologies for fuel cell applications. The meeting was spearheaded by the Fuel Cell Technologies Program in coordination with the Biomass Program. The overall objective was to identify opportunities for coupling renewable biomethane with highly efficient fuel cells to produce electricity; heat; combined heat and power (CHP); or combined heat, hydrogen and power (referred to as CHHP or trigeneration) for stationary or motive applications. The workshop focused on biogas sourced from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), landfills, and industrial facilities that generate or process large amounts of organic waste, including large biofuel production facilities (biorefineries).

关键词：生物质燃料;燃料电池;厌氧消化沼气过程;生物炼制;直接能量转换

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Combustion of biomass has been used by industry to produce steam and power for many years, but new technologies are being introduced to better recover the energy from biomass as well as to produce a synthetic gas (syngas) that can be used as a starting point in the production of automotive and diesel fuels as well as higher value chemicals. It is of significance that operating temperatures in combustion and gasification systems are often restricted by materials limitations resulting from the degradation of materials in the highest temperature areas. For systems recovering heat and/or generating steam, operating limits are often imposed by degradation of the superheater tubes that recover heat from the combustion gases at the highest temperatures. The steam temperature of biomass fueled boilers is limited by high temperature corrosion of superheater alloys in the ash deposit/flue gas environment. During visits with European researchers and boiler manufacturers and operators, it was learned that advanced European biomass boilers combine design modifications, process changes and corrosion resistant alloys to achieve substantially higher steam temperatures and efficiencies than U.S. biomass boilers. Design modifications to reduce superheater corrosion include adding an empty pass between the furnace and the superheater, installing cool tubes to trap low melting temperature chlorine deposits ahead of the superheater, heating the final superheater in the recirculated fluidizing medium of a circulating fluidized bed boiler, operating with a slagging superheater, designing superheaters for quick replacement, raising the superheater temperature above the dew point of the most corrosive deposits and installing an external superheater fired by a less-corrosive fuel. Process changes include diluting corrosive biomaterials with less-corrosive fuels, adding high sulfur fuels to convert alkali chlorides to lower melting temperature sulfates before they reach the superheater, washing chlorides out of agricultural residues and adding chemicals that convert alkali chlorides to aluminosilicates.

关键词：生物质能;锅炉;燃烧;耐蚀性;设计;流化床燃烧器;燃料

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Future vehicular networks shall enable new classes of services and applications for car-to-car and car-to-roadside communication. The underlying vehicular mobility patterns significantly impact the operation and effectiveness of these services, and hence it is essential to model and characterize such patterns. In this paper, we examine the mobility of vehicles as a function of traffic density of more than 800 locations from six major metropolitan regions around the world. The traffic densities are generated from more than 25 million images and processed using background subtraction algorithm. The resulting vehicular density time series and distributions are then analyzed. It is found using the goodness-of-fit test that the vehicular density distribution follows heavy-tail distributions such as Log-gamma, Loglogistic, and Weibull in over 90of these locations. Moreover, a heavy-tail gives rise to long-range dependence and self-similarity, which we studied by estimating the Hurst exponent (H).

关键词：汽车;通信网络;算法;表征;高速公路通信;图像;流动性;建模;交通控制;交通密度

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Our initial hypothesis was that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- based immunotherapy of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) could be potentiated by depletion of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). To test this, we engineered T-cells to express CARs with specificity for MUC1 (expressed by tumor cells) and CSF-1R (expressed both by tumor cells and TAM). In-vitro experiments demonstrated some efficacy of this approach but significant anti-tumor activity could not be confirmed in-vivo. Consequently, a revised statement of work was agreed in which CAR-mediated targeting of ErbB receptors by EOC tumor cells was pursued instead. A CAR termed T1E28z was engineered which engages several ErbB receptor dimers that are upregulated in EOC. Liposomal clodronate was used to achieve depletion of TAM. T1E28z-transduced T-cells proved effective in killing both autologus patient-derived tumor cell cultures and EOC cell lines (IGROV-1 and SKOV-3) in-vitro. Using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we then demonstrated that T1E28z+ T-cells mediated the regression of established intraperitoneal SKOV-luc tumors in SCID Beige mice. Highly efficient depletion of TAM was achieved using liposomal clodronate. However, this did not influence anti-tumor activity and appeared to reduced efficacy somewhat. To monitor Tcell persistence in this model, renilla luciferase was co-expressed in T1E28z+ T- cells. This analysis revealed that T-cells undergo progressive decline in tumor- bearing mice, providing a rationale for repeated T-cell administration. In support of this, we found that dual dosing with T1E28z+ T-cells enhanced therapeutic efficacy in this model. Bridging the gap to clinical implementation, proof of concept was also demonstrated for the use of the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as a clinically applicable imaging reporter of T-cell location. We provide evidence that administration of 99mTc-pertechnetate enables the serial real-time tracking of T1E28z/hNIS+ T-cells in-vivo, using SPECT-CT.

关键词：巨噬细胞;肿瘤;卵巢癌;T淋巴细胞;汽车车辆;细胞(生物学)

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Alternative fuels have the potential to provide significant economic and environmental benefits to airports and their communities. These fuels can lead to improvements in local air quality emissions and reductions in life-cycle greenhouse gases. In addition, alternative fuels offer the possibility to diversify away from imported conventional petroleum-derived fuels and enhance energy security. Furthermore, alternative fuel distribution programs offer airports additional business opportunities to generate revenue through the operation of such facilities or leasing of land to third-party operators. Airports are natural nodes for multi-modal demand and are ideally situated to become distribution centers for a variety of alternative fuels for aircraft and surface transportation. Producers and marketers of alternative fuels can take advantage of this concentrated demand to strengthen their business case as they can cater to a wide spectrum of potential clients, including airlines, airports, and third-party operators such as rental car facilities, courtesy shuttles, taxis, buses, freight trucks, and other fleets that may operate nearby. This is especially the case for facilities that produce alternative jet fuel because, in addition to jet fuel, they also produce co-products such as green diesel, which can be used by some passenger and most cargo vehicles.

关键词：燃料;选择;空气质量;飞机;企业;柴油燃料;经济分析;排放

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The final report, Evaluation of a Prototype Safer Teen Car, describes the methods, findings, and recommendations by the University of Minnesota on the practicality and benefits of a system that can provide real-time driver feedback to teen drivers. A prototype Safer Teen Car (STC) system was developed and served as the basis for a field evaluation and as a demonstration unit for stakeholder groups. The STC designed for this project was comprised of a number of interrelated subsystems, including: Teen driver identification subsystem; Seat belt detection & enhanced reminder subsystem; Passenger presence subsystem; Speed monitoring & feedback subsystem; Excessive maneuver & feedback subsystem; Cell phone use detection & mitigation subsystem; and Driving context subsystem. The findings generally showed improved safety behavior during when the STC system provided feedback. For example, the reduction in the per-mile rate of excessive maneuvers was statistically significant at night, but not during the day. In general, the results indicated reductions in the rates of speeding, excessive maneuvers, and seat belt nonuse. Overall, the STC was viewed as useful and safety-enhancing, by both teens and parents. Both teens and parents agreed that the STC changed the teens driving behavior. Parents would generally recommend the STC to other parents.

关键词：青少年司机;安全带,乘客;速度监控;手机;分心

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On February 12, 2013, at approximately 9:35 p.m., Glen Clutter (victim), a 51- year-old general inside laborer and acting motorman, with 31 years of mining experience sustained fatal injuries. A slate bar struck the victim as he attempted to re-rail a supply car. Clutter and Scott Shay, General Inside Laborer, were attempting to re-rail the first of four cars that had de-railed. The car shifted and the slate bar struck Clutter on the right side of his face and on the forehead.

关键词：事故分析;事故原因;事故调查;整合煤炭公司

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综合国内外相关研究资料,介绍了植物纤维及其木质素组分与工程塑料复合的研究现状及进展,并对存在的问题进行了分析,同时提出可将一种新型木质素基高分子物质——木质素酚加入到化学浆纤维和工程塑料之间,以开发新型复合材料。

关键词：植物纤维；木质素；木质素酚

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The LRT system in Denver, Colorado, connects the downtown with neighborhoods to the North, but primarily stretches southwards, travelling in existing transportation corridors carrying freeways and a heavy rail system. Outside of the downtown areas, the siting of the LRT system alongside the rigid infrastructure that comprises the heavy rail system and the freeway systems severely inhibits pedestrian accessibility to the transit system. To help further understand how the level of accessibility varies across the system, a systematic pedestrian level-of-service index for each station within the system was created that takes into account the formal, as well as informal street networks. This inaccessibility is highly likely to limit the potential that this system may have to generate development near station located that is fully integrated with the LRT system. Primary data collected by surveying households across the metropolitan area revealed very little difference between car ownership rates and weekly VMT of survey respondents living within 12- mile of an LRT station and elsewhere in the metropolitan area. Differentiating between those station areas that were Park-and-Ride (that is, had a park-and-ride lot) versus Walk-and-Ride showed a more nuanced picture. Residents who live in Walk-and-Ride stations do have have lower VMT than those who live in Park-and-Ride station areas and those who do not live near an LRT station. This reinforces the fact that development needs to be more fully integrated with the LRT system in order to achieve some intended goals such as less dependence on automobiles.

关键词：公共交通;交通行业;可访问性;高速公路;政府政策

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