No abstract available.

关键词：动脉硬化;长时间的太空飞行,耗氧量;生物标志物;缺氧;压力(生物学);起飞前的分析;通分析;脖子(解剖);超声波;血管舒张,血液,尿液;航空航天医学

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A variety of toxicological evaluations can be performed to establish the safety of veterinary drug residues in human food. An issue that needs to be addressed for veterinary antimicrobial drugs is the safety of their residues on the human intestinal flora. The objectives of this guidance are (1) to outline the recommended steps in determining the need for establishing a microbiological acceptable daily intake (ADI); (2) to recommend test systems and methods for determining no-observable adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs) and no-observable adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for the endpoints of health concern; and (3) to recommend a procedure to derive a microbiological ADI. It is recognized that different tests may be useful. The experience gained with the recommended tests may result in future modifications to this guidance and its recommendations.

关键词：医药行业;副作用;生物制品;药物;评价;粮食;人类;微生物

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Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, causing more than 440,000 deaths annually and resulting in $193 billion in health-related economic losses each year, $96 billion in direct medical costs and $97 billion in lost productivity. Since the first U.S. Surgeon Generals report on smoking in 1964, more than 29 Surgeon Generals reports, drawing on data from thousands of studies, have documented the overwhelming and conclusive biologic, epidemiologic, behavioral, and pharmacologic evidence that tobacco use is deadly. This evidence base links tobacco use to the development of multiple types of cancer and other life-threatening conditions, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

关键词：烟草;癌;会议;吸烟;死亡率,致癌物质;烟草依赖;医疗费用;呼吸道疾病

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This educational case study document is one in a series of self-instructional modules designed to increase the primary care providers knowledge of hazardous substances in the environment and to promote the adoption of medical practices that aid in the evaluation and care of potentially exposed patients.

关键词：毒性;砷;环境医学;案例研究;接触;癌;患者;临床评估;治疗

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Guidance documents represent the Agency's current thinking on a particular subject. This document provides a list of guidance documents for the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

关键词：公共卫生;书目,处方药;安全;产业指导;非处方药物,临床医学

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a worldwide problem affecting 2-14of the general population and most patients remain undiagnosed. OSA patients are at elevated risk for hypox-emia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiorespiratory arrest, hypoxic encephalopathy, stroke and death during hospitalization. Clinical screening questionnaires are used to identify hospitalized patients with OSA; especially before surgery. However, current screening questionnaires miss a significant number of patients and require more definitive testing before specific therapy can be started. Moreover, many patients are admitted to the hospital with a previous diagnosis of OSA that is not reported. Thus, many patients with OSA do not receive appropriate therapy during hospitalization due to the lack of information from previous inpatient and outpatient encounters. Large enterprise data warehouses provide the ability to monitor patient encounters over wide geographical areas. This study found that previously diagnosed OSA is highly prevalent and undertreated in hospitalized patients and the use of early computer alerts by respiratory therapists resulted in significantly more OSA patients receiving appropriate medical care (P ＜ 0.002) which resulted in significantly fewer experiencing hypoxemia (P ＜ 0.006). The impact was greater for non-surgery patients compared to surgery patients.

关键词：阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停；OSA；决策支持

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Rising health care costs in general and prescribed medicine costs in particular continue to be a concern for U.S. policymakers and consumers of care. Analyzing total prescription drug costs by therapeutic classes and subclasses provides decision makers and the public with an understanding of the costs and extent to which specific therapeutic classes and subclasses of drugs are contributing to the upturn in total costs. This Statistical Brief provides trends for one therapeutic subclass of prescribed drugs--urinary antispasmodics. This Brief presents trends in utilization and expenditures for outpatient prescription urinary antispasmodics for the years 2000 and 2010. The estimates are for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population and are derived from the 2000 and 2010 Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC). The Brief compares outpatient prescription urinary antispasmodics for 2000 and 2010, using the number of persons obtaining at least one prescription, total expenditures, and total number of prescriptions, as well as average annual cost per person and average drug cost. Only prescriptions purchased or obtained in an outpatient setting are included in these estimates. Prescription medicines administered in an inpatient setting or in a clinic or physician's office are excluded.

关键词：卫生保健支出;尿抗痉挛;成本;医疗利用率;家庭;门诊;人口;处方药;治疗;趋势;医疗费用委员会调查

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The Integrative Cardiac Health Project (ICHP) aims to lead the way in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Prevention by conducting novel research utilizing a Systems Biology / personalized medicine design to discover and develop practical, effective and preemptive integrative approaches in order to detect and combat CVD earlier before it affects the quality of life. ICHP s ultimate goal is to translate our evidenced-based research findings for application into clinical practice. A translational research approach will provide the ability to find novel disease markers, optimal prevention and holistic treatment approaches, and a unique venue for future research as the 'virtual laboratory' for optimal comprehensive health prevention in the military beneficiary population. This research method also allow us to further hypothesize and define relationships between CVD, other cardio metabolic disease states and maladaptive behavior patterns unique to service members such as pre-diabetes, stress, overweight and sleep disorders with the aim of targeting these disorders in a pre-clinical phase. Using an integrative, interdisciplinary preventive health approach, ICHP has shown that an individual s cluster of CV risk factors can be effectively targeted and improved.

关键词：心脏病患者;心脏预防心血管疾病(Cvd);心血管疾病;临床医学;聚类;冠心病(Chd);糖尿病

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AMSARA's mission is to support the development of evidence based medical standards for the Department of Defense (DoD) by guiding improvement of medical and administrative databases and conducting epidemiologic and special studies analyses. Analyses presented in this annual report include analyses of accession medical disqualifications, waivers, existed prior to service and disability discharges. Descriptive statistics are reported for DoD enlisted accessions who enlisted in 2012 compared to FY 2007 through FY 2011 accessions totals. Data are collected while the recruits remain on active duty for the first fiscal year (through fiscal year 2012 for this report). The data are then merged, analyzed and results presented as aggregated tables and figures.

关键词：现役;磨损;人口;国防部;部署;残疾排放;流行病学

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关键词：阿富汗;异步系统;临床医学诊断(医学)

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