As most of the time people develop their daily activities inside buildings this energy saving cannot be obtained by putting users' welfare to risk, since their productivity is directly related to their comfort. Thus, it is necessary to look for a tradeoff between users' comfort and energy saving. In order to achieve this compromise, the construction of bioclimatic buildings which incorporate passive strategies and make use of renewable energies is one of the most applied approaches. Nevertheless, in some cases, and mainly due to the typical climate of the place where the building is located, it may be insufficient. In these cases, it is required, together with innovations in structural designs, to perform specific control actions on HVAC systems and other building's actuators, oriented to provide comfortable environments from thermal, visual and indoor air quality points of view, and with the minimum energy consumption.

关键词：节能；建筑；能源消耗；温室气体排放

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Personalized healthcare (PHC) is envisioned to enhance clinical practice decision-making using new genome-driven knowledge that tailors diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to the individual patient. In 2012, we conducted a focused environmental scan and informal interviews with fifteen experts to anticipate how PHC might impact health Information Technology (IT) policy in the United States. Findings indicated that PHC has a variable impact on current clinical practice, creates complex questions for providers, patients, and policymakers, and will require a robust health IT infrastructure with advanced data architecture, clinical decision support, provider workflow tools, and re-use of clinical data for research. A number of health IT challenge areas were identified, along with five policy areas including: interoperable clinical decision support, standards for patient values and preferences, patient engagement, data transparency, and robust privacy and security.

关键词：生物信息学转化；信息学；临床；决策支持系统；医药

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Conditioning pain modulation (CPM) is one of two dynamic test paradigms which measure an individual's ability to dampen pain centrally. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC) is inhibitory pain modulation measured through the ability of a conditioning pain to dampen capacity on a test pain in an anatomically different location from the conditioning pain ("heterotropic pain inhibiting pain", also known as counterirritation). The primary target of DNIC is dorsal horn afferent neuron and wide dynamic range neuron. The critical medullary site for DNIC is the sub-nucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD), located in the medulla. There is interplay between the SRD and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Activation of the RVM by morphine impairs DNIC. There is also an important interplay between the SRD and the anterior cingulate gyrus. The spino-bulbo-spinal loop of DNIC is dependent upon serotonergic neurotransmission. DNIC can be imaged via EEG and functional MRI as well as measured clinically through CPM. DNIC decreases with age and is less efficient in females. Certain pain processing disorders such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome are more frequently associated with impaired DNIC. Duloxetine improves DNIC while morphine impairs DNIC. Clinically testing for DNIC through CPM may allow clinicians to better prescribe analgesics, as recently demonstrated in adaptive designed trials.

关键词：医药；空调疼痛调制；漫伤害抑制控制；子网状核背

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We propose and experimentally investigate a femily of multi-dimensional modulation formats for multi-core-fiber links. These formats enable potential energy savings and fiber non-linearity tolerance by reducing the required energy-per-bit but suffer an OSNR penalty.

关键词：节能；多芯光纤；高级调制码型；空分复用

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The delta opioid receptor has become increasingly relevant to the development of analgesics since its discovery only a few decades past. The endogenous antinociceptive properties of the δOR in conjunction with the potential for δOR ligands to circumvent classical μ-opioid side effects and tolerance make the δOR a provocative alternative to current μOR-specific strategies. This chapter explores the clinical potential of δOR-mediated analgesia and discusses novel biochemical strategies for targeting the δOR. Finally, we evaluate the use of δOR ligands as co-therapies with new and classical analgesics. A greater understanding of δOR function and pharmacology will ultimately contribute to the development of innovative new strategies for the pharmacological management of pain.

关键词：增量阿片受体；镇痛药；医药

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The book is addressed to beginners in molecular biology, especially to computer scientists who would like to work as bioinformaticians (computational biologists). Bioinformatics, which could be defined as the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine, has been rapidly developing over the past few decades. It generates new knowledge as well as the computational tools to create that knowledge. Certainly, understanding of the basic processes in living organisms is indispensable for bioinformaticians in the creation of knowledge. The book contains information about these processes presented in a condensed manner. Additionally, principles of several high-throughput technologies in molecular biology, which need the assistance of bioinformaticians, are explained from a biological point of view. Although some processes observed in living organisms are described here in a more detailed fashion, the book may be treated as an introduction to molecular biology. Thus it could be the first choice for people who are unfamiliar with the subject.

关键词：分子生物学；医药；生物信息学；计算机科学

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This study presents a prediction-based approach to determine thresholds for a medication alert in a computerized physician order entry. Traditional static thresholds can sometimes lead to physician's alert fatigue or overlook potentially excessive medication even if the doses are below the configured threshold. To address this problem, we applied a random forest algorithm to develop a prediction model for medication doses, and applied a boxplot to determine the thresholds based on the prediction results. An evaluation of the eight drugs most frequently causing alerts in our hospital showed that the performances of the prediction were high, except for two drugs. It was also found that using the thresholds based on the predictions would reduce the alerts to a half of those when using the static thresholds. Notably, some cases were detected only by the prediction thresholds. The significance of the thresholds should be discussed in terms of the trade-offs between gains and losses; however, our approach, which relies on physicians' collective experiences, has practical advantages.

关键词：药物警戒；处方警报；机器学习；决策支持系统；CPOE

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Silk fibroin has gained in the last years increasing interest as material for the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Recently, the ability of silk fibroin to establish a direct cross-talk with the biological environment has been reported, showing the potential to promote cells adhesion, proliferation and metabolic activity forward the production both in vitro and in vivo of complex multifunctional tissues. After reviewing the main characteristics and applications of silk fibroin, the chapter focuses on the effect of processing on fibroin physical and biological properties, and addresses two particularly demanding tissue regeneration applications, i.e., cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Specifically, methods of production of silk fibroin non-woven nets, sponges and hydrogels are described and the possibility to induce in vitro vascularization of the scaffold prior the implantation is reported. Moreover, results on the ability of the material to support also the ostegenic differentiation of stem cells from other sources are discussed as preliminary to regenerative medicine therapy.

关键词：医药；丝素蛋白；材料支架；增殖

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Prescribing medication is embedded in social norms and cultures. In modern Western health care professionals and policy makers have attempted to rationalize medicine by addressing cost-effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic treatments and the development of guidelines and protocols based on the outcomes of clinical studies. These notions of cost-effectiveness and evidence-based medicine have also been embedded in technology such as electronic prescribing systems. Such constraining systems may clash with the reality of clinical practice, where formal boundaries of responsibility and authorization are often blurred. Such systems may therefore even impede patient care. Medication is seen as the essence of medical practice. Prescribing is a social act. In a hospital medications may be aimed at treating a patient for a specific condition, in primary care the professional often meets the patient with her or his social and cultural notions of a health problem. The author argues that the design and implementation of electronic prescribing systems should address the social and cultural context of prescribing. Especially in primary care, where health problems are often ill defined and evidence-based medicine guidelines do not always work as intended, studies need to take into account the sociotechnical character of electronic prescribing systems..

关键词：电子处方；用药；医药

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Here we describe a new NSF-sponsored course model for introducing undergraduates to interdisciplinary science. This research-intensive course has students work in interdisciplinary teams to investigate the ecological roles of natural products in mediating plant-insect interactions using modern analytical chemistry. The class is co-taught by a chemical ecologist and an analytical chemist. Lectures are designed to expose students to core concepts in the field of chemical ecology; labs reiterate these concepts by having students carry out analyses on the molecules responsible for these interactions. The field of chemical ecology is ripe for this interdisciplinary model because it naturally bridges the "distinctive cultures" of chemistry and biology to investigate the role of natural products in nature (Kornberg, A. The two cultures: Chemistry and biology. Biochemistry 1987, 26(22), 6888-6891).

关键词：医药；跨学科；自然产品；生态

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