This chapter describes two tools for improving dependability of SOA-based applications: ReSP (Reliable SOA Platform) and DyMST (Dynamic Management SOA Toolkit). ReSP is a set of modules to improve dependability in respect to availability and reliability, and to some extent safety. It is comprised of the mechanisms of reliable group communication, replication, recovery, and transaction processing. DyMST is a set of components for failure detection, monitoring and autonomic management, and distributed security policy enforcement. In order to show the dependability aspects of real applications and usage of these tools, two case studies from the medical healthcare domain are presented: Healthcare Integration Platform for the exchange of patients' medical data among various healthcare units, and Medical Event, and Data Registering Platform for daily work improvement of medical staff.

关键词：SOA；RESP；动态管理SOA工具包；通信；可靠性基础设施

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A fault is deviation of a characteristic property of a system from acceptable, standard condition. That is, some components of the process under consideration may not respond according to their desired behavior, for example, there may be blockage in pipes, the valves controlling the flow rates of fluids may stuck up, the gears in mechanical systems may be broken, the sensors measuring position, temperature, pressure or any other quantity may give incorrect results. Faults may have several effects on plants, for example, if there is a sensor fault, the plant will be operating away from its nominal/optimal operating point resulting into reduced efficiency of the plant and lower quality of product. Furthermore, in dynamic systems, if the sensor measurements are also being fed back, the stability of the process may be at risk. Likewise, if there is fault in actuator of the process, it will stop responding (or will respond incorrectly) to the inputs; this will reduce the availability of the plant. All these factors cause economic losses. In certain safety critical processes, faults not only cause economic losses, but may also be fatal. For example, there was a fatal accident in the isomerization unit of British Petroleum operated oil refinery in Texas, USA. Five people were killed and over 170 harmed as a result of the explosion. The investigations showed that the reason was a faulty sensor in the unit which was stuck to measure a constant liquid level despite it was continuously increasing. The disastrous effects of faults may be avoided/ minimized if faults are quickly detected and remedial actions are timely taken. For example, there was an accident in American Airline DC10 which crashed at Chicago O'Hare International Airport. Later studies indicated that the accident could have been avoided. Boeing 747-200F lost both of its engines while taking off from Schiphol International Airport. The post-accident analysis showed that this accident could have been avoided if the faults were detected and controllers were reconfigured accordingly.

关键词：非线性网络物理系统；故障检测；传感器

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The presented experimental material illustrates huge possibilities of biosensors in providing sensitive and rapid biochemical analysis in the field of medical diagnostics, control of biotechnological processes, and environmental monitoring including food quality control in the presence of a number of toxic agents. These instrumental devices have sensitivity no less than the standard biochemical and immunochemical methods, but they are simpler in performance and provide fulfillment of analysis in a shorter time. Among the different types, the electrochemical and the number of optical biosensors are very widespread, since they are simpler and more developed in comparison with other devices of such type. Today it is very difficult to enumerate all substance for determination of which the biosensors are developed. Nevertheless, a small quantity of them finds a wide practical application. Above all, it concerns of the sensors for the determination of pesticides, HMI, nonylphenol, and other substances of environment. At the present time, other types of biosensors are at the stage of laboratory examination. To expedite the practical application of biosensors, expansion of investigations in following direction is necessary: (a) progress in improvement of transducers and creation of selective sites using biological or synthetic elements; (b) search of new principles of physical-chemical signals registration, especially, to directly reveal specific interaction of biological molecules; (c) development of multiparametrical analysis on the basis of use of sensor array; (d) development of special computer program for discrimination of nonspecific signal and amplification of specific one; and (e) working out of optimal algorithms of analyses to exclude its labor-intensiveness and to achieve a maximal selectivity and sensitivity of analyte determination. It is especially important to pay attention to solving complex problems with the development of multi-biosensors. It is necessary to have a portable mini-biochemical analyzer that could work with enzyme substrates and immune components (Starodub, 1996,2011).

关键词：生物传感器；环境监测；医疗诊断；有毒物质

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Traditional on-board vehicle computer (OVC) systems do not support speech recognition and do not have massive song library due to their limited storage capacity and computing power. Furthermore, it is very inconvenient to update the song library to keep it up-to-date. The advent of cloud computing in conjunction with mobile computing has enabled human voice song requesting and mass song playing from on-board computer in a vehicle. A system of human voice song requesting from OVC connected to the music cloud has been proposed. Self-adaptive speech recognition and speech recognition technology based on keywords from song titles has been adopted. By recognizing the voice on a song title in a cloud environment, the digital content of the selected song stored in the cloud is streamed to and then played back in the OVC. As a result, the system improves the safety of driving and enables automobile entertainment more humane.

关键词：汽车；云计算；歌曲云

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Present day consumers have wide variety of demands and needs leads to increased complexity in automobiles. The price war and high quality, imposes the automobile manufacturers to have flexible design with zero defects in a highly competitive market. Unlike other industry, the quality of automobile depends on parts (manufactured and supplied by third party supplier) used and on the assembling the vehicle. To achieve the high quality that is demanded by the customers, manufacturers and their suppliers must rely on Machine Vision to prevent defects at multiple stages of production. Machine Vision can be used to inspect the quality of automobile parts, pick and place using robots, assembly line (inspection before, after and placement verification), to find missing parts, completeness, welding and painting guiding on finished automotive bodies. In addition to this, Machine Vision is also used for parts traceability decoded by reading OCR, data matrix and barcode. Different automobiles can have different quality of parts depending on price range. Machine Vision can also be used to classify automotive parts based on the required quality using measurements. This publication explains the basics of machine vision and explore the solutions that can be used in automobile industry at different stages of production.

关键词：汽车；可视化；汽车工业

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Digital holography is applied to measure the characteristics of transparent material. A digital hologram recording system to measure the surface of transparent material was established, and the digital holograms of transparent object were obtained in high quality. For postprocessing of hologram, the least-squares phase unwrapping algorithm was used in phase unwrapping, and the phase reconstruction image of transparent object was obtained. The information of material surfaces was measured and the characteristic was presented in 3D visualization. The validation experiment was conducted by NanoMap 500LS system; the results of validation experiment are well satisfied with the measurement by digital holography, which proved the feasibility of digital holographic technology as a good measurement tool for transparent material.

关键词：汽车；透明材料；数字全息技术

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In this article a multilayer parking system of size n=3 is studied. We prove that the asymptotic limit of the particle density in the center approaches a maximum of 1/2 in higher layers. This means a significant increase of capacity compared to the first layer where this value is 1/3. This is remarkable because the process is solely driven by randomness. We conjecture that this result applies to all finite parking systems with n≥2.

关键词：汽车；停车系统；小型系统

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With the development of automobile technology, it becomes possible to estimate fuel consumption by using the driving parameters from the electronic control unit (ECU) and output the calculation results via the controller area network (CAN) bus. As a result, it is feasible to design an approach for estimating fuel consumption by integrating vehicle-specific power (VSP) and CAN bus technology because of the accessibility and stability of the CAN bus. To determine whether the CAN-based measured data can be used to build the relationship between VSP and fuel consumption to replace the traditional fuel consumption meter, a comparison of fuel consumption data collected from the ECU and the fuel consumption meter is conducted in this study. Results show that the relationship between the fuel consumption rate and VSP bin built by the CAN bus data is consistent with the relationship derived from the fuel consumption meter; this finding indicates that the CAN bus technology can be used to describe the relationship between vehicle activities and fuel consumption rates for light-duty vehicles. In addition, a comparison of CAN-based measured data with VSP-based predicted data shows that the prediction approach that integrates VSP and CAN bus technology needs an aggregation level of 60 s or longer, which thus can be used to estimate a long period of fuel consumption accumulation and a fuel consumption factor for various travel speeds and road types.    

关键词：汽车；燃料消耗；电源动力

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In a large-scale urban evacuation necessitated by a disaster, many people can evacuate in their own automobiles, but evacuating individuals and families who do not have cars poses a great logistical challenge that many cities, counties, and states cannot overcome. Most emergency operations plans for large urbanized areas are insufficient in describing in specific and measurable terms how a major evacuation could be successfully conducted. This study systematically reviews the challenge of multimodal evacuation planning and presents a detailed literature review of published research and government documents to identify barriers to the enhancement of multimodal evacuation planning through the use of high-capacity vehicles to transport those who cannot evacuate on their own. Findings suggest that despite knowledge about multimodal transportation and the importance of integrating multimodalism into evacuation planning, most state and local governments do not apply the planning processes, training exercises, and resources necessary to evacuate households without automobiles. A research agenda for furthering multimodal evacuation planning is outlined, and recommendations are made for providing adequate multimodal transport during large-scale urban evacuations.

关键词：汽车；道路交通；交通安全

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Meth can be made by anyone using easily obtainable household goods and consumer products in labs, posing significant public safety and health risks and financial burdens to local communities and states where the labs are found. Meth cooks have discovered new, easier ways to make more potent meth that require the use of precursor chemicals such as PSE. Some states have implemented electronic tracking systems that can be used to track PSE sales and determine if individuals comply with legal PSE purchase limits. Two states, along with select localities in another state, have made products containing PSE available to consumers by prescription only. GAO was asked to review issues related to meth. Thus, GAO examined, among other things, (1) the trends in domestic meth lab incidents over the last decade; (2) the impact of electronic tracking systems on meth lab incidents and limitations of this approach, if any; and (3) the impact of prescription-only laws on meth lab incidents and any implications of adopting this approach for consumers and the health care system. GAO analyzed data such as data on meth lab incidents and PSE product sales and prescriptions. GAO also reviewed studies and drug threat assessments and interviewed state and local officials from six states that had implemented these approaches. These states were selected on the basis of the type of approach chosen, length of time the approach had been in use, and the number of meth lab incidents. The observations from these states are not generalizable, but provided insights on how the approaches worked in practice.

关键词：毒品管制；药物实验室；甲基苯丙胺；公共安全；医药

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