关键词：生物传感器；环境监测；医疗诊断；有毒物质
摘 要：The presented experimental material illustrates huge possibilities of biosensors in providing sensitive and rapid biochemical analysis in the field of medical diagnostics, control of biotechnological processes, and environmental monitoring including food quality control in the presence of a number of toxic agents. These instrumental devices have sensitivity no less than the standard biochemical and immunochemical methods, but they are simpler in performance and provide fulfillment of analysis in a shorter time. Among the different types, the electrochemical and the number of optical biosensors are very widespread, since they are simpler and more developed in comparison with other devices of such type. Today it is very difficult to enumerate all substance for determination of which the biosensors are developed. Nevertheless, a small quantity of them finds a wide practical application. Above all, it concerns of the sensors for the determination of pesticides, HMI, nonylphenol, and other substances of environment. At the present time, other types of biosensors are at the stage of laboratory examination. To expedite the practical application of biosensors, expansion of investigations in following direction is necessary: (a) progress in improvement of transducers and creation of selective sites using biological or synthetic elements; (b) search of new principles of physical-chemical signals registration, especially, to directly reveal specific interaction of biological molecules; (c) development of multiparametrical analysis on the basis of use of sensor array; (d) development of special computer program for discrimination of nonspecific signal and amplification of specific one; and (e) working out of optimal algorithms of analyses to exclude its labor-intensiveness and to achieve a maximal selectivity and sensitivity of analyte determination. It is especially important to pay attention to solving complex problems with the development of multi-biosensors. It is necessary to have a portable mini-biochemical analyzer that could work with enzyme substrates and immune components (Starodub, 1996,2011).